中文阅读过程中字形快速启动的眼动研究

以字形相似的汉字为启动字,探讨字形信息激活在汉字识别中的时间进程。实验1采用命名任务考察三种启动时间条件下是否存在字形启动效应,结果发现当启动时间为35ms时,出现稳定的字形启动效应。实验2采用眼动记录法考察阅读过程中的快速启动,结果在三种启动时间条件下均未发现显著的启动效应。     

Revelation or Reason? Two Opposing Interpretations of the Confucian Classics during the Chinese Rites Controversy

The Four Books were a frequent point of reference in publications during the Chinese Rites Controversy. In the Tian Ru Yin (1664), the Franciscan Antonio de Santa María Caballero (1602–69) used an allegorical approach, interpreting the true meaning of the Chinese Classics as Christian revelation while rejecting the traditional reading of the Confucian Classics. On the contrary, the Jesuits in the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus (1687) used a rationalistic approach, harmonizing Western intellectualism with Confucianism. We shall show how these two interpretations are rooted in different theological traditions, leading the two sides to take opposite stances in the Chinese Rites Controversy.     

Character mediation of story generation via protagonist insertion

The current study set out to examine how the presence or absence of depicted characters in visual narratives influences the degree of character-related content in improvised stories. The experiment consisted of trials of oral storytelling that were prompted by wordless comics. The degree of character content in the storylines was varied from being character-based—showing people engaging in social interactions—to being characterless, for example scenes depicting natural phenomena. An intermediate “character-implied” condition was also investigated, exemplified by the scene of a tornado passing through a town, where no people were depicted but in which their presence was strongly suggested. Linguistic content analysis of 472 stories demonstrated indistinguishable use of third-person pronouns (she/he) between character-implied and character-containing scenarios. An analysis of character presence demonstrated that storytellers inserted protagonists into the character-implied stories as vehicles for the actions taking place. This phenomenon reveals the character-driven nature of story creation.     

简单非一致:以再认启发式使用为例

再认启发式理论认为人们仅依赖再认做出决策。以两项高低不同再认预测力(效度)的任务为材料,选取初中生(N=138,M=14.1岁)和成年大学生(N=136,M=19.3岁)被试,探讨再认启发式使用特征。使用层级多项式加工树模型对数据进行分析,结果显示:(1)初中生较大学生认识的材料数更少或运用知识比较的正确率更低;(2)再认启发式使用存在被试异质性;(3)初中生再认启发式的使用低于大学生。结论:知识表现出随年龄增长的趋势,再认启发式的使用存在较大的个体差异和群体差异,决策时初中生相比大学生会更少依赖再认线索。     

中国医患社会心态问卷的初步编制与信效度检验

确立医患社会心态的医患社会情绪、医患社会认知、医患价值观与医患行为倾向四个维度,并在每个维度下建立分问卷,分医方卷与患方卷编制了国内首个标准化中国医患社会心态问卷。在初测问卷进行探索性因素分析的基础上,对有效患方卷和医方卷进行验证性因素分析,验证了四维度结构的合理性。中国医患社会心态问卷内部一致性系数在0.757～0.932之间,两周重测信度在0.632～0.759之间; 各因素间呈中等偏低的相关,验证性因素分析的各项参数在可接受水平; 专家评定效度良好。各分问卷可在中国大陆地区单独或组合使用。     

中国文艺心理学研究中弗洛伊德理论的“简化”

在中国文艺心理学研究中,对弗洛伊德理论进行了简化。出现这一现象既和弗洛伊德理论结构庞大、复杂有关,也和国内相关资料不足和文艺学学者的学术取向有关。弗洛伊德理论的简化主要表现为本能理论的简化、心理人格/心理结构理论的简化和潜意识理论的简化。对弗洛伊德理论的简化,既有适当的取舍,同时也存在着忽视弗洛伊德理论复杂的心理学内涵和对弗洛伊德理论产生误读的问题。对弗洛伊德理论简化后的借鉴,一方面使中国的文艺心理学在文艺创作研究上有所突破,另一方面也导致了对弗洛伊德理论批判上的偏差和理论创新方面的不足。     

Clinical and non-clinical hallucinations are similarly associated with source memory errors in a visual memory task

Hallucinations have been found to be associated with various types of source memory failure in both schizophrenia patients and hallucination-prone healthy individuals. We investigated the associations of clinical and non-clinical hallucinations with source memory errors in a visual memory task that involved the remembering of picture presentation context. 59 schizophrenia patients and 61 healthy individuals took part in the study. Pictures were presented either at different locations or in association with different visual stimuli. The participants were required afterwards to recognize the target pictures among distractors, and then to remember their spatial location or the visual stimulus that was associated with them. Liberal response bias in picture recognition was associated with hallucination proneness and auditory-verbal hallucinations in subsamples of participants with significant non-clinical or clinical hallucinations. After controlling for overall memory performance, failure to remember the spatial location of the pictures was associated with visual hallucinations in male patients; failure to remember the associated visual stimulus was related to auditory-verbal hallucinations in female patients and to hallucination proneness in healthy women. The findings suggest that both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations are associated with loss of contextual information relative to the acquisition of events.     

The resilience status of Chinese left-behind children in rural areas: a meta-analysis

The resilience has become the main trend of the left-behind children's (LBC) mental health research. To evaluate the resilience status of Chinese LBC in rural areas, a meta-analysis was performed. Relevant studies were identified using electronic databases from 1990 to 2017. Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated with fixed and random effects models. A total of 14 cross-sectional studies with 9777 individuals were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed there was significant difference in the aspects of family support and RSCA (Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents) total score between LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC). After stratification subgroup, significant difference in RSCA total score was also found in subgroup with sample size ≥700 and target population (LBC) between LBC and NLBC. In addition, there was no significant difference in resilience of male and female among LBC (P >0.05). We also found RSCA total score of LBC whose one parents migratingwere higher than both parents (P <0.05) and the time of parental migration (≤2 years) were higher than others (>2 years). In conclusion, more attention should be paid to the LBC, especially both parents migrating or parental migration (>2 years).     

Three-channel convolutional neural networks for vegetable leaf disease recognition

The color information of diseased leaf is the main basis for leaf based plant disease recognition. To make use of color information, a novel three-channel convolutional neural networks (TCCNN) model is constructed by combining three color components for vegetable leaf disease recognition. In the model, each channel of TCCNN is fed by one of three color components of RGB diseased leaf image, the convolutional feature in each CNN is learned and transmitted to the next convolutional layer and pooling layer in turn, then the features are fused through a fully connected fusion layer to get a deep-level disease recognition feature vector. Finally, a softmax layer makes use of the feature vector to classify the input images into the predefined classes. The proposed method can automatically learn the representative features from the complex diseased leaf images, and effectively recognize vegetable diseases. The experimental results validate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods of the vegetable leaf disease recognition.     

Age-related differences in emotion matching are limited to low intensity expressions

Multi-label tasks confound age differences in perceptual and cognitive processes. We examined age differences in emotion perception with a technique that did not require verbal labels. Participants matched the emotion expressed by a target to two comparison stimuli, one neutral and one emotional. Angry, disgusted, fearful, happy, and sad facial expressions of varying intensity were used. Although older adults took longer to respond than younger adults, younger adults only outmatched older adults for the lowest intensity disgust and fear expressions. Some participants also completed an identity matching task in which target stimuli were matched on personal identity instead of emotion. Although irrelevant to the judgment, expressed emotion still created interference. All participants were less accurate when the apparent difference in expressive intensity of the matched stimuli was large, suggesting that salient emotion cues increased difficulty of identity matching. Age differences in emotion perception were limited to very low intensity expressions.