中国礼文化的具身隐喻效应:蜷缩的身体使人更卑微

中国礼文化蕴含着丰富的隐喻机制,其中蜷缩的身体动作如弯腰、俯视、跪是与高社会地位群体社交的常用姿势。通过3个社会情境实验考察身体蜷缩程度与社会地位的隐喻效应。实验1显示与扩张姿势相比,保持蜷缩姿势的被试对被评价对象的社会地位评分更高。实验2控制被试的社交对象,发现与低社会地位人物相比,被试与高社会地位人物社交时身体蜷缩程度更大。实验3同时控制被试的身体姿势与视角空间,结果是跪姿被试比坐姿被试对被评价对象的社会地位评分更高,俯视被试比仰视被试对被评价对象的认同度更高。以上结果可证明中国礼文化中蜷缩身体姿势与社会地位的双向隐喻效应,同时,身体与空间的双重隐喻启动时其联结效应独立产生作用。     

中文阅读中的字词激活模式:来自提示词边界延时效应的证据

研究采用眼动随动显示技术,通过操控提示正确/错误词边界线索的延迟时间,考察汉语阅读中汉字、词汇加工与词切分的时间特性。实验1发现,提示词n+1边界不影响总阅读时间,但能积极影响词兴趣区内的眼动数据,这种影响随着提示延迟时间的增加而逐步减弱;提示错误的词n+1的边界线索对总阅读时间的影响则随提示延迟时间的增加呈现倒"U"型的变化趋势。实验2发现,提示词n边界不影响总阅读时间,但却消极影响词兴趣区内的眼动数据,这种消极影响并没有随着提示延迟时间的增加而减弱;提示错误的词n边界对总阅读时间和眼动数据均产生消极的影响,且这种影响都随着提示延迟时间的增加而减弱。综合两项实验的结果可以推测,单一的向上反馈假设和整体假设都不能全面解释阅读中的字词加工过程,汉字加工与词汇加工间存在交互激活过程。     

HUMANISTIC APPROACH OF THE EARLY PROTESTANT MEDICAL MISSIONARIES IN NINETEENTH‐CENTURY CHINA

The efficacies of Western and Chinese medicine have been under debate for a long time, and the whole issue still raises questions for the contemporary world. The article emphasizes the humanistic approach as well as the scientific method of the early Protestant medical missionaries to China, so as to give a more comprehensive scope to understand their historical roles and practices in a cross‐cultural context. The authors also wish to call for a global readership to further discuss this historical legacy with regard to the reception of Christianity in contemporary China and other East Asian countries.     

Relationships among Chinese college students’ defensive pessimism,cultural values,and psychological health

This study examined defensive pessimism, viewed as a self-regulatory strategy in Western cultures, in China among college students, and explored its relationship with Chinese cultural values and students’ psychological health operationalized as adult hope and personal growth initiative. Two-hundred and thirty Chinese students from a comprehensive university in Beijing, China, participated in the study. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. The results showed that all the measures used in the study were valid for our sample. The inferential modeling demonstrated that reflectivity, but not pessimism, subscale of defensive pessimism correlated with Chinese cultural values. Additionally, pessimism and reflectivity predicted psychological health in opposite directions. Reflectivity contributed to hope and positive growth initiative, but pessimism decreased these psychological health indicators. The results seemed to suggest that reflectivity, but not pessimism, captured the essence of defensive pessimism for Chinese college students. Limitations and directions for future research were discussed.     

Healing Without Waging War: Beyond Military Metaphors in Medicine and HIV Cure Research

Military metaphors are pervasive in biomedicine, including HIV research. Rooted in the mind set that regards pathogens as enemies to be defeated, terms such as “shock and kill” have become widely accepted idioms within HIV cure research. Such language and symbolism must be critically examined as they may be especially problematic when used to express scientific ideas within emerging health-related fields. In this article, philosophical analysis and an interdisciplinary literature review utilizing key texts from sociology, anthropology, history, and Chinese and African studies were conducted to investigate the current proliferation of military metaphors. We found the use of these metaphors to be ironic, unfortunate, and unnecessary. To overcome military metaphors we propose to (1) give them less aggressive meanings, and/or (2) replace them with more peaceful metaphors. Building on previous authors' work, we argue for the increased use of “journey” (and related) metaphors as meaningful, cross-culturally appropriate alternatives to military metaphors.     

汉语搭配信息对词汇识别的影响

采用词汇判断任务,探究汉语词汇识别中搭配信息的作用。研究表明:(1)汉语母语者对搭配信息敏感,高频搭配能显著促进词汇识别;(2)与高频搭配在语义关系上高度相近的词对词汇识别无促进效应;(3)以逆序形式呈现的高频搭配亦能促进词汇识别,但其效应弱于正序。本研究为词汇搭配知识的存储和加工方式的理论建构提供了依据:互为搭配关系的词语在词汇层面建立了具有方向性的联结,其联结强度取决于语言使用中的搭配共现频率;而在对搭配信息的前词汇加工过程中没有语义作用的参与。     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人应对风格量表全国常模的制定

应用《心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人应对风格量表》对全国28个省、市、自治区的6425名成年人的应对风格进行了调查,并在此基础上制定全国常模。结果表明:(1)男性在注重问题的应对上得分高于女性,女性在注重情绪的应对上得分高于男性;(2)年轻人在应对风格总分和注重情绪的应对上得分均高于中年人和老年人;(3)城镇人口在应对风格总分及注重问题的应对和注重情绪的应对两个维度上得分均高于农村人口;(4)随着教育水平的提高,应对风格总分及各维度的得分均显著提高;(5)少数民族在应对风格总分和注重情绪的应对上得分高于汉族。     

汉字双向启动效应的实验研究

以五类高、中、低频汉字为材料．用词汇决定任务与诵读回忆任务间的相互启动方法，对汉字启动效应进行了初步探讨。结果发现，形与音都具有启动作用；低频字表现出受到或产生更大的抑制性启动作用；对于真伪识别任务，则诵读回忆任务中与其字形相似的字产生的启动效果更大；对于诵读回忆任务，则真伪识别任务中与其字音相似的字产生的启动效果更大．结果表明，字形与字音启动作用的大小取决于目标字加工中二者相对作用的大小。     

如何理解"德得相通"

道德与利益的关系问题可折射出整个社会道德的基础与取向,必须对之予以正确阐释。“德得相通”应该理解成“德”与“道之得”、“心之得”意义上的相通,不应该似是而非的理解成“德”主要与“利之得”意义上相通,更不能把如此理解的“德得相通”视为中国传统道德的基本精神与价值取向。中国传统道德的基本精神与价值取向,应该是以提升自我德性和实现理想人格为主旨,强调克己尚义的道德价值论。