状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响：认知评价和记忆偏向有调节的中介作用

探讨状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响, 并检测记忆偏向与认知评价在其中的中介和调节作用。实验1招募大学生60人, 随机分为高、低状态焦虑组, 采用情绪诱导程序诱导高、低状态焦虑; 采用口头估计任务测量回溯式时距判断, 考察高、低状态焦虑诱导后的回溯式时距判断差异。实验2在实验1的基础上, 招募大学生60人, 增加自由回忆任务测量记忆偏向, 考察状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响中记忆偏向的中介作用。实验3在实验1和实验2的基础上, 招募大学生90人, 增加视觉模拟心境量表测量认知评价, 考察状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响, 并检测认知评价与记忆偏向在其中的作用。结果发现：(1)在回溯式时距判断中, 高状态焦虑比低状态焦虑更高估时距; (2)在状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响中, 记忆偏向具有中介作用; (3)在状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响中, 认知评价和记忆偏向存在有调节的中介作用：只有当认知评价得分较低时, 即对于认为焦虑对身体健康有害程度较低的个体而言, 在状态焦虑影响回溯式时距判断中, 记忆偏向具有完全中介作用, 即状态焦虑只通过记忆偏向影响回溯式时距判断。研究结果揭示了焦虑个体回溯式时距判断的内部过程, 验证了注意闸门模型中有关用于计时的记忆资源越多对于时距越高估的假设, 丰富了焦虑通过记忆偏向影响回溯式时距判断的解释视角, 为通过调整认知评价改善焦虑个体时距偏差提供了重要参考。     

特质焦虑在面部表情前注意加工阶段的影响：来自ERP的证据

为探讨高特质焦虑者在前注意阶段对情绪刺激的加工模式以明确其情绪偏向性特点, 本研究采用偏差-标准反转Oddball范式探讨了特质焦虑对面部表情前注意加工的影响。结果发现: 对于低特质焦虑组, 悲伤面孔所诱发的早期EMMN显著大于快乐面孔, 而对于高特质焦虑组, 快乐和悲伤面孔所诱发的早期EMMN差异不显著。并且, 高特质焦虑组的快乐面孔EMMN波幅显著大于低特质焦虑组。结果表明, 人格特质是影响面部表情前注意加工的重要因素。不同于普通被试, 高特质焦虑者在前注意阶段对快乐和悲伤面孔存在相类似的加工模式, 可能难以有效区分快乐和悲伤情绪面孔。     

特质正念与大学生焦虑和攻击性的纵向关系：心理弹性的中介和留守经历的调节

基于心理弹性的整合模型和压力与健康关系的终生发展模型,以629名大学生为被试,进行间隔时间为三个月的两次施测,探讨特质正念与大学生焦虑和攻击性的关系及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)特质正念对大学生焦虑和攻击性具有显著的负向预测作用;(2)特质正念通过心理弹性的中介作用预测大学生焦虑和攻击性;(3)留守经历调节了特质正念→心理弹性→焦虑/攻击性的后半段,具体来说,相对于有留守经历的大学生而言,无留守经历大学生心理弹性对焦虑和攻击性的保护作用更为显著。研究结果强调了特质正念和心理弹性是大学生内外化问题的保护因素,而童年期的留守经历是成年后个体心理资源和内外化问题的风险因素,这对大学生内外化问题的干预具有重要的参考价值。     

被动性社交网站使用与社交焦虑：反刍思维和自我建构的作用

尽管被动性社交网站使用已经被证实为增强社交焦虑的重要风险因子,然而对其中介和调节机制依然知之甚少。当前研究旨在探索被动性社交网站使用、反刍思维、社交焦虑和自我建构的关系。614名大学生自愿参与了当前研究,并完成了一份包含被动性社交网站使用、反刍思维、社交焦虑和自我建构问卷的测验。结果表明被动性社交网站使用正向预测社交焦虑,而反刍思维完全中介了两者间的联系。调节分析表明自我建构调节了被动性社交网站使用对反刍思维的影响。条件间接效应分析进一步表明反刍思维的完全中介作用仅存在于依存型个体中。当前研究有助于加深对被动性社交网站使用如何影响个体社交焦虑的理解。     

恐惧学习的发展认知神经机制研究回顾与展望

恐惧可以帮助个体快速地评估危险情景,并调动生理和行为反应来应对危险刺激。恐惧发展始于婴儿时期,神经回路表现为杏仁核未参与恐惧反应,但杏仁核功能连接可以预测早期恐惧反应;发展到童年期的恐惧学习特点为安全学习不足和过度泛化,其根源是负责辨别刺激的海马还处于发育中;进入青春期恐惧加工主要特征是由于前额叶发育较晚导致的消退能力弱。恐惧虽有益于人类生存,但恐惧异常会引发焦虑障碍,本文从恐惧的习得、消退和泛化三个阶段,对比了焦虑与健康青少年的恐惧学习差异。最后,文章从增加婴儿时期研究、创新青少年恐惧研究范式和开发安全有效的干预手段三个方面对未来研究提出展望,以期进一步推动恐惧研究的发展。     

Project Chill: Program Description and Session Feedback Data From a Proof-of-Concept Study of a School-Based Psychoeducational Program Using Creative Media

Anxiety disorders in youth are pervasive and impairing. Further, too few young people are identified and treated due to the barriers in accessing mental health treatment (fees, transportation, and time). School-based prevention initiatives may represent viable options for these vulnerable youngsters. Therefore, this proof-of-concept study assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and benefits of a brief prevention program for seventh and eighth grade students. Forty-two seventh and eighth grade students completed a 5-session psychoeducational program using creative media including short video clips, music, and karaoke. Session feedback forms were completed by all students after each class. The results revealed that the program was perceived as moderately helpful yet was quite feasible and acceptable. Further, the majority of students accurately recalled key lessons from every lesson, suggesting high levels of engagement and integrity of session content. The implications of these findings for future program development and evaluation are discussed.     

An Investigation of the Rate and Predictors of Initiating and Attending Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia After Referral

Although group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is an efficacious and well-studied treatment, relatively less is known about its clinical effectiveness in community outpatient settings. Prior research has suggested that dropout from CBT-I may be high in treatment settings vs. clinical trials. The current study therefore investigated the rates and predictors of initiating and attending CBT-I group within an outpatient psychiatry clinic. Participants were 75 consecutive outpatients presenting for treatment at a specialty sleep and anxiety clinic who completed an evaluation and were referred to CBT-I group. Participants completed self-report measures at initial evaluation, and their attendance throughout treatment was tracked. The majority of patients attended ≥1 session, with a mean of 3/5 sessions completed for initiators. Those with poorer global sleep quality and longer sleep onset latency were less likely to attend group and attended fewer sessions. Those with more severe anxiety and depression were less likely to initiate attendance and attended fewer sessions. The majority of patients referred to CBT-I initiated group and attended at least half of the sessions. Further, demographics do not seem to impact these rates. Unfortunately, those with the most severe symptoms, and thus in most need for treatment, are least likely to initiate and attend. This may be due to comorbid anxiety or depression symptoms. Future research should replicate these findings, as well as explore how to encourage those most in need of treatment to initiate and attend CBT-I.     

成就目标与教师效能感、焦虑、工作投入的关系：基于变量中心和个体中心的视角

基于变量中心和个体中心的双重视角,考察1877名教师的成就目标与其效能感、焦虑和工作投入间的关系。结果显示：（1）掌握、表现趋近目标正向预测而表现回避目标负向预测工作投入,教师效能感、焦虑、教师效能感-焦虑在成就目标与工作投入间具有中介作用;（2）潜在剖面分析识别了五类不同的教师成就目标剖面,即掌握型、低掌握低趋近型、低掌握中等趋近型、高混合型、平均型,其中掌握型适应性最佳且占比最多;（3）教师效能感、焦虑、教师效能感-焦虑在成就目标剖面与工作投入间具有显著的中介作用。     

Perfectionism and its relationship with anticipatory processing in social anxiety

Cognitive‐behavioural models suggest that perfectionistic beliefs and anticipatory processing are key maintaining factors of social anxiety. The present study examined the moderating and mediating role that anticipatory processing has on the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety. The sample consisted of 245 individuals from the general community who completed an online questionnaire package comprising depression, perfectionism, and social anxiety measures. Participants also rated their levels of anticipatory processing in response to vignettes describing an upcoming social interaction and performance situation. Results showed that maladaptive perfectionism and maladaptive anticipatory processing were positively associated with social anxiety. Furthermore, maladaptive anticipatory processes (stagnant deliberation and outcome fantasy) remained significantly and positively associated with social anxiety even after controlling for depression and maladaptive perfectionism, whereas adaptive anticipatory processes (plan rehearsal and problem analysis) were not significantly associated with social anxiety. These findings support current classifications of anticipatory processing in social anxiety. Contrary to predictions, maladaptive anticipatory processing did not moderate the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and social anxiety. An exploratory analysis indicated that maladaptive anticipatory processing mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and social anxiety. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.     

Clinical Experiences in Conducting Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Phobia

Several authors have identified a disconnect between psychotherapy research, including research on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and real-world psychotherapy practice. This disconnect has several negative consequences, potentially including less-than-optimal practice standards as well as a lack of input from practicing psychotherapists on how research can be improved and made more relevant in their day-to-day clinical work. As part of an ongoing effort to engage practicing psychotherapists in a feedback loop with psychotherapy researchers, this study reports the results of a survey of CBT therapists who have used CBT in the treatment of social phobia (SP). The survey was designed primarily to document how often certain potential problems, identified by expert researchers and CBT manuals, actually act as barriers to successful treatment when CBT is employed in nonresearch environments. The participants were 276 psychotherapists responding to email, online, and print advertisements completing the online survey. Participants varied considerably in psychotherapy experience, work environment, experience in using CBT for SP, and in some ways varied in their usual CBT techniques when treating SP. Among the most prominent barriers identified by many of the participants were patient motivation, comorbidity, logistical problems (especially with exposures), patient resistance, and severity and chronicity of SP symptoms. These findings may be useful for psychotherapy researchers as areas for potential study. The results may also suggest topics requiring clinical guidelines, innovations within CBT, and dissemination of successful techniques to address the barriers identified here.