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161.
Adaptive behavior in autism is highly variable and strongly related to prognosis. This study explored family history as a potential source of variability in adaptive behavior in autism. Participants included 77 individuals (mean age = 18) with average or better intellectual ability and autism. Parents completed the Family History Interview about the presence of broader autism phenotype symptoms and major psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives. Adaptive behavior was assessed via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). Based on family history variables, age, and intelligence quotient (IQ), 87% of participants were correctly classified as having impaired or average VABS scores. Family history of depression and shyness accounted for the most variance in VABS scores, and they had the greatest influence on VABS Socialization scores in particular. Possible underlying mechanisms include genetics, psychosocial factors, and social resources. This study provides initial evidence of the importance of family history to adaptive behavior in autism and has implications for genetics and treatment. 相似文献
162.
The present study compared the number of severe life events and chronic adversities as reported retrospectively by mothers
of children with an anxiety disorder (n = 39) prior to the onset of their most recent episode, with controls (n = 39) matched for age and sex. The parent version of the Psychosocial Assessment of Childhood Experiences (PACE) was used
to assess chronic adversities (long-term experiences with negative impact on child) and severe life events (discrete life
events with high long-term threat). A significantly greater number of severe life events and chronic adversities were assessed
prior to onset for anxious children compared to controls. The finding for severe life events held regardless of whether impact
ratings were assigned by mothers or a panel of independent raters, suggesting the findings reflect actual as opposed to perceived
differences. Results suggest that both discrete and chronic stressors may constitute risk for future episodes of anxiety in
children.
相似文献
Jennifer L. AllenEmail: |
163.
Forbes EE Shaw DS Silk JS Feng X Cohn JF Fox NA Kovacs M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(2):207-221
Although parents and children are thought to influence one another's affect and behavior, few studies have examined the direction of effects from children to parents, particularly with respect to parental psychopathology. We tested the hypothesis that children's affective characteristics are associated with the course of mothers' depressive symptoms. Children's affect expression was observed during a series of mother-child interaction tasks, and children's resting frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry was assessed in a psychophysiology laboratory. Mothers' depressive symptoms were assessed at two time points, approximately one year apart, at the mother-child interaction visits. Depressive symptoms increased over time for mothers with a history of childhood-onset depression whose children exhibited right frontal EEG asymmetry. Depressive symptoms were associated with high child negative affect at both time points for mothers whose children exhibited right frontal EEG asymmetry. Cross-lagged models with a subset of participants provided some evidence of both parent-to-child and child-to-parent directions of effects. Findings suggest that akin to other interpersonal stressors, children's affective characteristics may contribute to maternal depressive symptoms. 相似文献
164.
Mausbach BT Cardenas V McKibbin CL Jeste DV Patterson TL 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(1):145-153
Patients with schizophrenia have disproportionately high rates of emergency medical service use, likely contributing to the high cost this illness places on society. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a theory-based, behavioral intervention on immediate and long-term use of emergency medical services. Older patients with schizophrenia (n=240) were randomized to receive either a behavioral, skills-building intervention known as Functional Adaptation and Skills Training (FAST) or a time-equivalent attention-control condition (AC). Logistic regression analyses indicated that AC participants were nearly twice as likely to use emergency medical services in general (OR=2.54; p=0.02) and emergency psychiatric services in particular (OR=3.69; p=0.05) during the active intervention phase of the study. However, there were no differences between the interventions in terms of emergency service use during the long-term follow-up phase of the study (i.e., 6-18 months post-baseline). The FAST intervention appears efficacious for reducing the short-term risk of using emergency medical services. However, the long-term efficacy of the FAST intervention appears less clear. Future studies may want to provide more powerful maintenance sessions to encourage continued use of skills in patients' real-world settings. 相似文献
165.
Michael D. Robinson Benjamin M. Wilkowski 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(1):65-79
Four studies involving 230 undergraduates examined the interactive effects of dispositional approach and avoidance, as manifest in the traits of extraversion and neuroticism. Participants who were high in both traits or low in both traits exhibited less assertive knocking behavior (Study 1), had difficulties refraining from blinking (Study 2), and displayed more anxious behavior during a mental health interview (Study 3). Study 4 tested the idea that such extraversion by neuroticism interactions might be associated with difficulties in recognizing and responding to goal-relevant stimuli. Results involving a go/no go task confirmed this hypothesis. In total, the results highlight the manner in which the co-activation of dispositional motives related to approach and avoidance can compromise effective self-regulation. 相似文献
166.
Scientific attention to cultural considerations in child neuropsychological assessment has not developed parallel to the focus these issues have received in adult and elderly neuropsychological assessment. There are limited data on the presence, magnitude, etiology, and implications of culture-related differences in cognitive test performance among children. This preliminary report reviews the available empirical literature on the current state of multicultural neuropsychological assessment in children. The review identified articles by searching PubMed and PsycINFO databases, and the tables of contents of Developmental Neuropsychology and Child Neuropsychology from 2003-2008. Of the 1,834 abstracts reviewed, ten papers met inclusion criteria for the review. Five studies were completed in America; four of these compared performance between ethnic groups while the fifth examined neighborhood level poverty indicators exclusively within African-American children. Of the five international studies, all established local normative data and/or were exploratory investigations of neuropsychological functions in specific cultural groups, including Taiwanese infants, South African youth, and bilingual British children. Taken together, the results yield important clinical and research data that begin to inform many of the complex and fascinating mechanisms by which ethnic identity and culture impact cognitive development and the neuropsychological assessment of children. A critique of the existing literature and directions for future research are provided. 相似文献
167.
James M. Kauffman 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2008,17(1):128-143
Comments on the nature of special education as an enterprise and judgment of its progress are offered. Five independent but
necessary and sufficient criteria for judgment of progress in special education for students with emotional or behavioral
disorders are suggested. Comments are made on each of the articles in the series, and concluding remarks call for more data
and better thinking. 相似文献
168.
Our study explores the clinical and non-clinical characteristics associated with medication use among children with serious
emotional disturbance who are referred into community-based family-driven system of care settings. Using data collected as
part of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program initiative, our study provides
results from analyses completed on 7,009 children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbance. Using both bivariate
and multivariate statistical analyses, the researchers found that females entering systems of care were less likely to have
received medication in the 6-months prior to entry, as were children of African-American and Native-American heritage compared
to children from non-Hispanic White heritage. Children referred from mental health, child welfare or who were self-referred
were more likely to use medications than those referred from juvenile justice. Children with histories of prior inpatient,
outpatient, day treatment, or school-based services were between 2 and 4 times more likely to use medications than children
without such histories. Children with family histories of mental illness and those who were Medicaid recipients were also
more likely to use medications. Family income was also positively related to medication use and younger children were more
likely to use medications than older children. Implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
169.
Silviana Braz de Oliveira Silvia Regina Dowgan Tesseroli de Siqueira Ana Rosa Sanvovski Lúcia Maria Thompson Barros do Amaral José Tadeu Tesseroli de Siqueira 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(4):338-343
The objective of the current study was to evaluate disease-related beliefs, adherence to treatment, quality of life, coping
strategies and cognitive status in a group of Brazilian patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD). Thirty patients were
evaluated with a semi-directed interview, the Coping Strategies Inventory, and a Mini-Mental State Examination. Although half
(50%) of the patients had known their diagnosis long term, 40% of the sample were not correctly following proposed treatment.
All patients had a similar pattern of pain behavior related to TMD, while disease-related beliefs, quality of life and coping
strategies were variable. Expectations about treatment also had significant association with treatment adherence. The findings
of this study suggest that a more thorough understanding of individual differences in TMD is warranted. 相似文献
170.
Rosemary E. Vile Junod Asha K. Jitendra Robert J. Volpe Kristi S. Cleary 《Journal of School Psychology》2006,44(2):87-104
The current study examined the behaviors related to academic engagement exhibited by students with ADHD during instruction in math and reading. A total of 155 students (92 ADHD, 63 recruited controls) in grades 1 through 4 participated in the study. Results revealed that students with ADHD exhibited statistically significant lower rates of academic engagement and higher rates of off-task behaviors than recruited controls and randomly selected peer comparisons. Specifically, students with ADHD exhibited statistically significant lower rates of passive academic engagement (PET) than recruited controls and peer comparisons; however no group differences were found with regard to active engaged time (AET). In addition, students with ADHD exhibited lower rates of AET than PET, a finding observed among both recruited controls and randomly selected peer comparisons. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献