视角对高频汉字识别的影响

用EyeLinkII型眼动仪为实验设备 ,以汉字与双眼形成的视角为自变量 ,研究了视角对高频汉字识别的影响特点。本实验中的视角分为 7个水平 :2°、4°、7°、1 0°、1 3°、1 6°、1 9° ,通过自编程序 ,计算出固定距离条件中不同视角下汉字的大小 ,呈现在计算机屏幕上 ,要求被试发声识别汉字。通过对反应时、注视时间、注视次数、眼跳时间、眼跳次数、眨眼时间、眨眼次数的分析。结果发现 :不同视角条件下的反应时总体差异不显著 ,反应时随视角的变化曲线为抛物线 ,开口向上 ;汉字识别的最适宜视角为 1 0°～ 1 1°。     

刺激持续时间对注意瞬脱影响的实验分离现象

通过三个实验,研究了注意瞬脱效应以便深入理解注意时间维度上的特性。实验一针对注意瞬脱效应（简称AB效应）和刺激持续显示时间（简称ED）之间的关系,发现SOA或者ED的延长能减小AB效应。实验二的结果再次证明ED的延长能减小AB效应,并且发现ED延长并没有伴随着对目标的加工速度的加快。实验三发现在目标与干扰项没有显著的特征差异时,AB效应随着ED延长而减小的现象消失了,即ED对AB效应的影响出现了实验性的分离。同时还证明突出显示可以通过加快对目标的反应速度来显著的减小AB效应,而且ED因素只有在目标具有突出的视觉特征时才能改变AB效应。     

阅读中关于眼动控制的研究进展

简要介绍阅读中眼动控制的研究进展,具体探讨了阅读过程中关于注视点停留位置、跳读、回视和注视时间等方面的研究,并对Morrison的眼动理论模型、O'Regan的战略战术模型和Reichle最新提出的E—Z读者模型进行了评述。最后,提出在吸收国外的这些研究成果的同时,要注意考虑中文与西文阅读的差异性。     

不同语境下汉语三声连续变调发生规律初探

采用命名任务,考察真／假词条件下,三声连续变调规律的运用及其对语音提取的影响。实验结果显示．(1)普通话流利者具有三声连续变调意识,变调的发生不受三声字所在语境的影响;(2)三声连续变调的发生影响词汇语音提取,但对类型不同的词,其影响方式存在差异。对阅读错误的分析为讨论提供了进一步证据。     

中央执行子功能对预期式时距估计的作用——基于结构方程模型的结果

采用结构方程模型的方法探讨中央执行系统与时距加工过程的关系,考察三种中央执行子功能(转换,抑制,刷新)对预期式长、短时距估计(两种标准时距:2s,5s)的作用模式。结果发现刷新功能对长、短时距估计任务都产生影响;抑制功能只作用于长时距估计;转换功能不参与单独的预期式时距估计过程。结果表明,三种执行子功能对预期式短时距加工和长时距加工的作用不同,支持时距加工的差异机制假设。     

汉语阅读眼动控制:20年研究的总结

本文系统总结了20年来汉语阅读眼动控制的研究成果。在阅读过程中眼动控制主要回答两个问题:(1)哪些因素决定眼睛的注视时间(when);(2)哪些因素决定眼睛的注视位置(where)。对于第一个问题,已有研究从词边界信息、词频、熟悉性、预测性、语义透明度、具体性、非注视词的特性、词汇获得年龄进行了探讨;对于第二个问题,已有研究从汉字字号、笔画数、字结构、词长、词结构、词间空格、词频、预测性、合理性、年龄和阅读能力进行了探讨。通过比较发现,汉语阅读的眼动控制特点与拼音文字的眼动控制特点既有共同之处,又有差异之处。因此,汉语阅读的研究者需要在现有眼动控制模型的基础上,构建适合于汉语特性的眼动控制模型。     

Association between bullying victimization and physical fitness among children and adolescents

Background/ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between being bullied and the physical fitness components, and to determine whether a healthy physical fitness level is related with lower victimization in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity compared to unfit overweight/obese peers. Method:The present cross-sectional study included a total of 7,714 youths (9-17 years), categorized as normal-weight or overweight/obese and fit or unfit according to sex-specific handgrip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) cut-points. Bullying (physical, verbal, social exclusion, sexual harassment, and cyberbullying) was assessed through the Standard Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey questions. Results:Boys and girls that were categorized as fit (healthy level of CRF) showed lower traditional bullying compared to unfit counterparts. Also, a healthy level of CRF could be a protective factor of traditional bullying among overweight/obese youths compared to unfit overweight/obese peers. Conclusions:CRF is related with lower risk for experiencing traditional bullying in Latino youths with and without obesity, thus emphasizing the role of fitness even among youth with excess of adiposity.     

Slowly progressive pure dysgraphia with late apraxia of speech: a further variant of the focal cerebral degeneration

We report a longitudinal neuropsychological investigation of a patient with slowly progressive pure dysgraphia. Cognitive analysis of writing errors suggested a selective impairment of the graphemic buffer. After about seven years, the patient developed an apraxia of speech. No other linguistic or generalized cognitive impairment occurred subsequently, so that, twelve years after the beginning of the disease, the patient showed complete independence in daily life and still remained professionally active. Functional neuroimaging revealed hypoperfusion confined to left fronto-temporal lobe. This well-recognizable syndrome does not fit any of the cases described previously in the literature. This report therefore, adds another variant to heterogeneous clinical spectrum of focal neurodegenerative disorders, further suggesting the opportunity of their distinction from pathological processes leading to dementia.     

局部注意干扰效应中的眼动特征

采用眼动追踪范式,本研究通过两个实验探讨局部注意干扰效应（LAI）的注意分配特点和机制。实验一采用搜索时间有限的范式,目标呈现70毫秒后消失,在行为和眼动指标上均发现LAI效应：当两个目标距离较近时,反应时增加,正确率降低,总注视时长增长、注视点增加和眼跳速度加快。实验二增加目标呈现时间至1500毫秒以鼓励搜索,产生了比实验一更强烈的LAI效应,且眼跳速度的模式也有不同,说明增加搜索时间并不利于减轻LAI,从而推断LAI的竞争发生在判断阶段,而非搜索和识别目标阶段。     

The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making

We demonstrate that a person's eye gaze and his/her competitiveness are closely intertwined in social decision making. In an exploratory examination of this relationship, Study 1 uses field data from a high‐stakes TV game show to demonstrate that the frequency by which contestants gaze at their opponent's eyes predicts their defection in a variant on the prisoner's dilemma. Studies 2 and 3 use experiments to examine the underlying causality and demonstrate that the relationship between gazing and competitive behavior is bi‐directional. In Study 2, fixation on the eyes, compared to the face, increases competitive behavior toward the target in an ultimatum game. In Study 3, we manipulate the framing of a negotiation (cooperative vs. competitive) and use an eye tracker to measure fixation number and time spent fixating on the counterpart's eyes. We find that a competitive negotiation elicits more gazing, which in turn leads to more competitive behavior.