骨外固定——微创肢体重建的利器

骨外固定以其独特的环形、铰链和螺杆等的简单构型,用于复杂创伤及创伤后遗症,复杂的肢体畸形的治疗,可以获得其他方法不可比拟的效果,堪称肢体重建的一把利器.本文从以胫腓骨中段的短斜型闭合骨折为例,详细阐述了外固定器治疗骨折的优势.以复杂的足踝畸形病例为例,阐释了以Ilizarov技术为代表的骨外固定用于肢体畸形矫正并创造神奇效果的秘密.骨外固定顺应了肢体损伤、肢体畸形发生发展的客观规律,由外而内,提供一个适宜的重建方向,符合生物学要求,可以实现骨与软组织的自然修复与重建.     

Neurocognitive Effects of Methamphetamine: A Critical Review and Meta-analysis

This review provides a critical analysis of the central nervous system effects of acute and chronic methamphetamine (MA) use, which is linked to numerous adverse psychosocial, neuropsychiatric, and medical problems. A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological effects of MA abuse/dependence revealed broadly medium effect sizes, showing deficits in episodic memory, executive functions, information processing speed, motor skills, language, and visuoconstructional abilities. The neuropsychological deficits associated with MA abuse/dependence are interpreted with regard to their possible neural mechanisms, most notably MA-associated frontostriatal neurotoxicity. In addition, potential explanatory factors are considered, including demographics (e.g., gender), MA use characteristics (e.g., duration of abstinence), and the influence of common psychiatric (e.g., other substance-related disorders) and neuromedical (e.g., HIV infection) comorbidities. Finally, these findings are discussed with respect to their potential contribution to the clinical management of persons with MA abuse/dependence.     

The development of strategy use in elementary school children: working memory and individual differences

The current study tested the development of working memory involvement in children's arithmetic strategy selection and strategy efficiency. To this end, an experiment in which the dual-task method and the choice/no-choice method were combined was administered to 10- to 12-year-olds. Working memory was needed in retrieval, transformation, and counting strategies, but the ratio between available working memory resources and arithmetic task demands changed across development. More frequent retrieval use, more efficient memory retrieval, and more efficient counting processes reduced the working memory requirements. Strategy efficiency and strategy selection were also modified by individual differences such as processing speed, arithmetic skill, gender, and math anxiety. Short-term memory capacity, in contrast, was not related to children's strategy selection or strategy efficiency.     

Anglicans and Islam in East Africa: The Diocese of Zanzibar and the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (1923–63)

This article examines the legacy of Godfrey Dale, who in 1923 published a Qur'an in Swahili, with the intention of letting people “know what the Qur?ān does say.” The work of his successors is explored. It discusses the proposals for work amongst Muslims submitted by lay and ordained members of the Diocese of Zanzibar for consideration at the 1944 Diocesan Conference, as the Diocese prepared for the situation after World War II. Finally, it examines the role of the Diocese with particular reference to Christian–Muslim relations as Tanganyika and Zanzibar prepared for Independence.     

骨外固定——微创肢体重建的利器

骨外固定以其独特的环形、铰链和螺杆等的简单构型,用于复杂创伤及创伤后遗症,复杂的肢体畸形的治疗,可以获得其他方法不可比拟的效果,堪称肢体重建的一把利器.本文从以胫腓骨中段的短斜型闭合骨折为例,详细阐述了外固定器治疗骨折的优势.以复杂的足踝畸形病例为例,阐释了以Ilizarov技术为代表的骨外固定用于肢体畸形矫正并创造神奇效果的秘密.骨外固定顺应了肢体损伤、肢体畸形发生发展的客观规律,由外而内,提供一个适宜的重建方向,符合生物学要求,可以实现骨与软组织的自然修复与重建.     

桡骨小头粉碎性骨折的两种治疗方法比较分析

分析比较切开复位内固定和人工桡骨小头置换方法治疗桡骨小头粉碎性骨折（MasonⅢ型）的临床疗效。回顾分析2012年10月～2014年3月收治的24例桡骨小头粉碎性骨折（MasonⅢ型）的临床资料,其中切开复位内固定治疗17例;桡骨小头置换7例,平均随访12个月（6个月～18个月）。根据Broberg Morrey评分系统以及术后影像进行评价比较,同时比较两组住院天数以及费用。结果评价比较显示两者疗效均佳,术后两者活动度和功能评分相近,两组住院天数相近,内固定组费用更低。桡骨小头粉碎性骨折须尽早进行解剖复住功能重建,切开复位内固定和桡骨小头置换疗效相当。     

PFNA、DHS与FHR治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFNA）、动力髋螺钉（DHS）与人工股骨头置换术（FHR）治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。对2005年6月～2012年6月收治且获得随访的65例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者进行回顾性分析,其中男27例,女38例。根据治疗方式不同分为三组：PFNA 组21例,DHS 组22例,FHR 组22例。比较三组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、负重时间、术后并发症发生情况及术后3个月、6个月、12个月髋关节 Harris 评分等。结果65例患者均获随访12个月～24个月（平均12．0个月＆#177;3．4个月）,三种方法中,手术时间及负重时间比较,FHR 组时间最短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;术中出血量比较,DHS 组最少,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;髋关节功能比较,FHR 组优于PFNA 组及 DHS 组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;术后引流量及术后并发症三组比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。因此,对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者,采用 FHR 手术可使患者术后早期下床,改善患者生活质量。     

Working memory in adults who stutter using a visual N-back task

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate working memory in adults who do (AWS) and do not (AWNS) stutter using a visual N-back task. Processes involved in an N-back task include encoding, storing, rehearsing, inhibition, temporal ordering, and matching.MethodsFifteen AWS (11 males, 4 females; M = 23.27 years, SD = 5.68 years) and 15 AWNS (M = 23.47 years, SD = 6.21 years) were asked to monitor series of images and respond by pressing a “yes” button if the image they viewed was the same as the image one, two, or three trials back. Stimuli included images with phonologically similar (i.e., phonological condition) or phonologically dissimilar (i.e., neutral condition) names. Accuracy and manual reaction time (mRT) were analyzed.ResultsNo difference was found between AWS and AWNS in accuracy. Furthermore, both groups were more accurate and significantly faster in 1- followed by 2- followed by 3-back trials. Finally, AWNS demonstrated faster mRT in the phonological compared to neutral condition, whereas AWS did not.ConclusionResults from this study suggest different processing mechanisms between AWS and AWNS for visually presented phonologically similar stimuli. Specifically, a phonological priming effect occurred in AWNS but not in AWS, potentially due to reduced spreading activation and organization in the mental lexicon of AWS. However, the lack of differences between AWS and AWNS across all N-back levels does not support deficits in AWS in aspects of working memory targeted through a visual N-back task; but, these results are preliminary and additional research is warranted.     

引入眼动注视点的联合-交叉负载多模态认知诊断建模

多模态数据为实现对认知结构的精准诊断及其他认知特征(如, 认知风格)的全面反馈提供了可能性。为实现对题目作答精度、作答时间(RT)和视觉注视点数(FC)的联合分析, 本文基于联合-交叉负载建模法提出3个多模态认知诊断模型。实证研究及模拟研究结果表明: (1)联合分析比分离分析更适用于多模态数据; (2)新模型可直接利用RT和FC中信息提高潜在能力或潜在属性的估计准确性; (3)新模型的参数估计返真性较好; (4)忽略交叉负载所导致的负面结果比冗余考虑交叉负载所导致的更严重。     

Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation

The primary purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytical techniques, the differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition. Overall, exercise demonstrated a small, significant mean effect size (g = 0.14, p < 0.01) on cognition. Examination of the comparison between speed and accuracy dependent variables showed that speed accounted for most of the effect. For speed, moderate intensity exercise demonstrated a significantly larger mean effect size than those for low and high intensities. For speed of processing during moderate intensity exercise, central executive tasks showed a larger effect size than recall and alertness/attention tasks; and mean effect size for counterbalanced or randomized studies was significantly greater than for studies in which a pre-exercise followed by during or post-exercise protocol was used. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes when testing took place post-exercise compared to during exercise for speed but accuracy studies demonstrated a significantly larger mean effect size post-exercise. It was concluded that increased arousal during moderate intensity exercise resulted in faster speed of processing. The very limited effect on accuracy may be due to the failure to choose tests which are complex enough to measure exercise-induced changes in accuracy of performance.