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241.
This paper presents an attempt to integrate theories of causal processes—of the kind developed by Wesley Salmon and Phil Dowe—into
a theory of causal models using Bayesian networks. We suggest that arcs in causal models must correspond to possible causal
processes. Moreover, we suggest that when processes are rendered physically impossible by what occurs on distinct paths, the
original model must be restricted by removing the relevant arc. These two techniques suffice to explain cases of late pre?mption
and other cases that have proved problematic for causal models.
相似文献
Toby HandfieldEmail: |
242.
Jaroslav Peregrin 《Studia Logica》2008,88(2):263-294
The topic of this paper is the question whether there is a logic which could be justly called the logic of inference. It may seem that at least since Prawitz, Dummett and others demonstrated the proof-theoretical prominency
of intuitionistic logic, the forthcoming answer is that it is this logic that is the obvious choice for the accolade. Though there is little
doubt that this choice is correct (provided that inference is construed as inherently single-conclusion and complying with the Gentzenian structural rules), I do not think that the
usual justification of it is satisfactory. Therefore, I will first try to clarify what exactly is meant by the question, and
then sketch a conceptual framework in which it can be reasonably handled. I will introduce the concept of ‘inferentially native’
logical operators (those which explicate inferential properties) and I will show that the axiomatization of these operators
leads to the axiomatic system of intuitionistic logic. Finally, I will discuss what modifications of this answer enter the
picture when more general notions of inference are considered.
Presented by Hannes Leitgeb 相似文献
243.
Benoni B. Edin 《Synthese》2008,161(2):203-218
A meaningful distinction can be made between functions and mere effects in biological systems without resorting to teleological
arguments: (i) biological systems must cope with a multitude of problems or they will cease to exist; (ii) the solutions to
these problems invariably depend on circular causal chains (“feedback loops”); and (iii) biological functions are attributes
of elements in biological systems that have an effect which, by contributing to the correcting behavior of a feedback control
system, assists in solving a biological problem. The analysis is applied to several biological systems. The proposed solution
is discussed primarily in its relation to two popular approaches to the concept of biological function, i.e., the “causal
role accounts” and the “selected effect accounts”. 相似文献
244.
采用功能磁共振成像(Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI)技术对熟悉主题说明文阅读过程因果推理加工进行研究, 探讨说明文阅读过程中读者是否能够自发进行因果推理加工, 以及阅读焦点的存在是否会对说明文阅读过程中的因果推理加工产生影响。结果表明, 读者在熟悉主题说明文阅读过程中能够自动进行推理加工, 负责推理加工的主要脑区为额叶(尤其是额下回)、顶叶下部及双侧楔前叶等区域。在熟悉主题说明文阅读过程中, 阅读焦点的存在一定程度上使读者的认知加工资源集中在对与焦点相关的推理关系的加工上。 相似文献
245.
《Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations》2008,14(1):55-76
This study examines the representation of the determining factors of patients’ states of health in therapeutic care situations. We describe the average representation of experienced hospital nurses (n=44) and the differences which they consider to exist between their own and their patients’ points of view. Taking as our starting point the purpose of the care provided and the asymmetry of the carer/patient relationship, we hypothesize, on the one hand, that nurses will have a representation of their patients’ state of health which is based on the care to be provided, with the factors determining the state of health being necessarily perceived as having a general impact on patients’ lives while still being remediable, i.e. capable of changing and being controlled by the provided care. On the other hand, we expect them to attribute a passive position and attitude to their patients, with the factors determining their state of health being necessarily perceived as being out of their own control. The results and the analysis of the representations reported as being those of the patients and their families seem to justify this perception and role of carer: the supposed representations of the latter would appear to be convergent but less focused on health problems and would tend to minimize the patient’s involvement, in particular when the state of health declines. The results are discussed with reference to the Health Belief Model and the social norm of internality as well as the professional practices observed in hospital environments. 相似文献
246.
247.
Neal Judisch 《Philosophical Studies》2008,140(3):299-318
Recent discussions of physicalism have focused on the question how the physical ought to be characterized. Many have argued
that any characterization of the physical should include the stipulation that the physical is non-mental, and others have
claimed that a systematic substitution of ‘non-mental’ for ‘physical’ is all that is needed for philosophical purposes. I
argue here that both claims are incorrect: substituting ‘non-mental’ for ‘physical’ in the causal argument for physicalism
does not deliver the physicalist conclusion, and the specification that the physical is non-mental is irrelevant to the task
of formulating physicalism as a substantive, controversial thesis.
相似文献
Neal JudischEmail: |
248.
Jesse M. Bering 《New Ideas in Psychology》2003,21(2):101-120
The capacity to attribute meaning to personal experiences may rest on a specialized cognitive system enabling this form of causal reasoning. Close examination of these attributional tendencies suggests that this system may be distinct from those underlying other forms of causal reasoning such as a “theory of mind” system in the behavioral domain, a folk physics system in the physical domain, and a folk biology system in the biological domain. A fourth, existential domain, an abstract ontological frame within which the subjective, narrative self is envisioned to be contained, may have driven the construction of an intuitive capacity in humans that encourages them to search for the underlying purpose or reason for having had certain life experiences. This system likely has specific, definable operational rules that are responsible for activating such explanatory searches. In addition, it appears anchored to a general intentionality system that promotes the attribution of teleological purpose and higher-order mental states to an abstract agency that is envisioned to cause events and personal experiences. Identifying the component parts of this specialized cognitive system through empirical investigations can help researchers to reconstruct both its evolutionary phylogeny and to track its developmental emergence. 相似文献
249.
模态系统的推理规则可以用强弱虚实这四种性质进行分类。在一个系统中这几种性质无论在语形上还是语义上都有一定的联系和区别,有些性质在一个系统的变种或扩充中并不一定保持。 相似文献
250.
Stephen G. West 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(5):299-304
ABSTRACT— Randomized experiments are preferred for making inferences about causality when they can be implemented and their assumptions are met. Yet assumptions can fail (e.g., attrition, treatment noncompliance) or randomization may be unethical or infeasible. I describe alternative design and statistical approaches that permit testing causal hypotheses and present current empirical evidence related to alternative designs. Alternative designs permit a wider range of research questions to be answered and permit more direct generalization of causal effects; however, when using such designs, estimates of the magnitude of the causal effect may be more uncertain. 相似文献