汉字识别的计算机模拟

本文总结了作者近年来在连结主义的理论框架下 ,用计算机模拟汉字识别的工作。文章分三部分。第一部分说明了计算机模拟与人工智能的关系。第二部分介绍了作者提出的两个模型 :汉字识别与命名的连结主义模型和基于语义的词汇判断的计算模型。两个模型分别成功地模拟了汉字识别中的频率效应、形声字读音中的规则效应、声旁效应、语义启动效应、语境与频率的交互作用等。第三部分讨论了模拟工作的意义、分布表征、学习算法等问题。研究表明 :认知的计算机模拟能验证人类认知实验的结果 ,对结果提出合理的解释 ,并能指导进一步的实验研究。     

Cognitive functioning as a contraindication to organ transplant surgery: Dilemmas encountered in medical decision making

A case is presented to illustrate some of the difficulties encountered when providing psychological consultation to evaluate the readiness of patients for pediatric heart-lung transplantation. The outcome of complex medical decision making can often hinge on information provided by the psychological consultant who is attempting to simultaneously serve the needs of the patient as well as the transplant team. Ethical dilemmas frequently arise when medical decision making is driven by limited health care resources and cost constraints. The utility of cognitive functioning as a variable in pediatric transplant decision making is discussed. Recommendations are made for further work in this area on both conceptual and empirical grounds to guide the integration of psychological information into transplant decision making as health care delivery continues to evolve in the future.     

DISCIPLINED DECISION MAKING IN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENT: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL

This paper explores some of the implications the statistical process control (SPC) methodology described by Pfadt and Wheeler (1995) may have for analyzing more complex performances and contingencies in human services or health care environments at an organizational level. Service delivery usually occurs in an organizational system that is characterized by functional structures, high levels of professionalism, subunit optimization, and organizational suboptimization. By providing a standard set of criteria and decision rules, SPC may provide a common interface for data-based decision making, may bring decision making under the control of the contingencies that are established by these rules rather than the immediate contingencies of data fluctuation, and may attenuate escalation of failing treatments. SPC is culturally consistent with behavior analysis, sharing an emphasis on data-based decisions, measurement over time, and graphic analysis of data, as well as a systemic view of organizations.     

中学生助人方式的决策问题研究

选取７２名中学生做被试,通过自然实验和量表测试及问卷调查的方法,研究他们助人方式的决策问题。实验结果显示绝大多数中学生在助人方式上采取的是习惯型的决策模式。通过对实验班实施我们设计的“决策系统训练法”,可显著地提高他们的助人决策能力和亲社会行为的水平,并将其决策模式转化为科学型的决策模式。这项技术在青少年品德教育中颇有价值。     

Groupthink and the space shuttle challenger accident: Toward a quantitative case analysis

Research on historical cases of policy decisions thought to involve groupthink nearly always has been qualitative, rather than quantitative. We propose that observable antecedents and consequences can be used to code incidents in a group's decision process, thereby providing the basis for more rigorous, quantitative analyses. As a first step toward such a quantitative case analysis, we coded statements from the investigative report on the space shuttle Challenger accident as positive or negative instances of the observable antecedents and consequences of groupthink. Positive instances of groupthink were twice as frequent as negative instances. More importantly, during the 24 hours prior to launch the ratio of positive to negative instances increased, then remained high. These results are consistent with the notion that the decision to launch the Challenger involved groupthink and provide a first step toward more rigorous quantitative analysis of historical or current decision processes.     

Estimating the imputed social cost of errors of measurement

If a loss function is available specifying the social cost of an error of measurement in the score on a unidimensional test, an asymptotic method, based on item response theory, is developed for optimal test design for a specified target population of examinees. Since in the real world such loss functions are not available, it is more useful to reverse this process; thus a method is developed for finding the loss function for which a given test is an optimally designed test for the target population. An illustrative application is presented for one operational test.This work was supported in part by contract N00014-80-C-0402, project designation NR 150-453 between the Office of Naval Research and Educational Testing Service. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government.     

司法鉴定的眼外伤眼眶爆裂性骨折的临床决策

研究分析涉及司法鉴定的眼部钝力伤致眼眶爆裂性骨折临床决策的特殊性,依据医学原理,做出有益于伤者康复及纠纷解决的决策.选取眼眶爆裂性骨折49例(49眼).其中内侧壁骨折30例,下壁骨折19例.致伤原因:斗殴25例,交通肇事17例,运动伤5例,自己意外伤2例.30例2周内接受手术治疗,眼球运动不受限,眼位满意,功能位无复视,2例特定方位复视,3个月后消失.19例拒不接受手术治疗,3个月后眼球不同程度内陷,16例功能位复视,眼球转动疼痛.眼眶骨折早期手术治疗预后佳,后患少,对受伤者及肇事者均有益.     

A neuro-cognitive defense of the unified self

The topic of the self remains one of considerable controversy, and many arguments have been put forth suggesting the intuitive concept of self must be in some way mistaken – in part based on results in the cognitive and neural sciences. In this article I offer the alternative positive proposal that “the self” may indeed refer to a physical/computational system within the brain. To do this, I draw on empirical work regarding the neural basis of consciousness and decision-making, and on philosophical work regarding ecological control, unified group perspectives, and functional/mechanistic explanation. The work I review jointly supports the conclusion that a “core-circuit” of interacting cortical regions – the global workspace network – can be understood as a unified system for consciously perceiving and deciding, and thus fulfills many of the roles intuitively assigned to the self. I conclude that this self-concept need not be mistaken given current empirical knowledge.     

谈判心理研究发展述评

20世纪60年代和70年代,谈判是社会心理学研究中一个非常活跃的领域。但70年代后期,谈判研究因认知心理学的兴起而衰落。80年代早期,谈判这一领域在心理学研究中再度兴起,谈判的行为决定研究成为这一时期主流。但90年代后期谈判的社会心理学研究复兴,一度消失的社会因素再次成为谈判研究的热点。该文回顾了西方谈判心理研究的发展,探讨了导致谈判心理研究发展中所发生的诸多变化的原因,并展望了其将来的发展方向。     

群体决策中的知识构建过程

群体决策作为管理活动的一个重要内容一直是许多学科研究的重点。在决策过程中,决策者如何利用、整合信息,从而修改其原有的认知模式,重新构建后续加工模式,即决策者在决策过程中如何进行知识构建越来越受到研究者的关注。该文从影响知识构建的因素、决策构建过程及决策绩效等方面考察了以往与群体决策中知识构建过程相关的研究,并总结了目前知识构建研究中使用的测量方法和指标