Profit maximization versus disadvantageous inequality: the impact of self‐categorization

Choice behavior researchers (e.g., Bazerman, Loewenstein, & White, 1992 ) have found that individuals tend to choose a more lucrative but disadvantageously unequal payoff (e.g., self—$600/other—$800) over a less profitable but equal one (e.g., self—$500/other—$500); greater profit trumps interpersonal social comparison concerns in the choice setting. We suggest, however, that self‐categorization (e.g., Hogg, 2000 ) can shift interpersonal social comparison concerns to the intergroup level and make trading disadvantageous inequality for greater profit more difficult. Studies 1–3 show that profit maximization diminishes when recipients belong to different social categories (e.g., genders, universities). Study 2 further implicates self‐categorization, as self‐categorized individuals tend to forgo profit whether making a choice for themselves or another ingroup member. Study 3, moreover, reveals that social categorization alone is not sufficient to diminish profit maximization; individuals must self‐categorize and identify with their categorization. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

制作眼部视听教材相关法律问题的探讨

讨论了在眼部视听教材制作过程中相关的法律问题,正确运用法律、法规保护医患双方合法权益。患者就医时具有肖像权。应用法学理论,结合实践,同意签字后制作眼部视听教材,取得良好效果。     

骨科急诊患者诊治中的决策问题

在骨科急诊患者的诊治过程中,骨科医师应该区分病情的轻重缓急,抓住重点进行处理。采集和分析临床资料时,应把病史、理学检查结果与检验及影象检查所见结合起来。这样才能作出准确的诊断。在诊断或/和治疗中选定任何一项措施,首先要从病人的情况出发,应尽可能减轻患者的经济负担。总之,为了提高临床决策的效率和准确性,减少或避免各种失误,需要建立起一套合理的临床思维方法和科学的处理程序。     

大学生职业生涯规划存在的问题及对策

高等教育体制改革的深化和毕业生就业方式的转变,使得职业生涯规划的重要性日益突出。本文从实际出发,提出了当前大学生职业生涯规划存在的问题,并提出了具有可操作性的解决对策和建议。     

When the means justify the ends: effects of observability on the procedural fairness and distributive fairness of resource allocations

While there is substantial research examining how recipients react to allocations that vary in procedural fairness (Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter, & Ng, 2001 ), previous research has not examined how those dividing resources among themselves and others manipulate procedural fairness (Tyler & Smith, 1998 ). In this paper, we introduce a measure that allows us to compare procedural fairness across resource allocations, and we use an experimental procedure in which participants vary the procedural fairness of their allocations. In three studies, we show that those dividing resources make proactive tradeoffs between distributive and procedural fairness. Participants increased the procedural fairness of their allocations when they knew recipients would observe their procedures, but they were less likely to divide the resources equally among recipients. The decreased emphasis on distributive fairness when procedures were observable resulted in higher joint outcomes, suggesting that the observability of procedures has important implications for the efficiency of resource allocation in groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人体实验失范原因分析及对策

人体实验是一种特殊的交易活动.信息不完备与不对称、交易制度监督漏洞都使卫生研究机构在交易博弈中处于优势地位.集体机会主义行为是导致违规人体实验的重要因素.对违规人体实验的宽容在一定程度上怂恿了这种行为.从健全制度、完善法治、加强教育等方面提出了对策.     

部分尿路腔镜手术麻醉的选择

就某些情况部分尿路腔镜手术麻醉问题进行探讨,从国内外现状以及个人工作经历等方面对该问题进行解析,提出如何按照循证医学理念,结合临床实际与决策者手术技能来解决实际工作中的问题,对部分尿路腔镜手术麻醉要求进行革新。     

The Pursuit of College in Adulthood: Reclaiming Past Selves or Constructing New?

This study examines the identity processes that are implicated when adults return to college, including the possibility that they may be reclaiming past selves from adolescence or constructing new selves at this particular juncture. In this study, 70 nontraditional-aged community college students were surveyed about their educational pathways, with a focus on their career and educational plans and actions when finishing high school through the current time. In addition, a diverse subset (n = 14) was interviewed. Results suggested four identity processes, two that involved past career selves from adolescence when constructing future pursuits (reclaim past, reject past before constructing new) and two that did not (construct new, expand current). Participants with prior college experience as adolescents were more likely to report well-developed past selves, but they more frequently rejected rather than reclaimed due to lack of perceived feasibility. Future research involving adult identity development is discussed.     

决策中的延迟选择行为

延迟选择(choice deferral)指个体在应该作出选择的时候却决定不作选择,包括推迟选择(如选择延迟选项)或拒绝在可选项中选择一个选项。本文首先探讨了影响延迟选择行为的认知因素和情绪因素;随后讨论了当在决策情景中引入延迟选项时,延迟选项对决策者随后情绪体验和决策行为的影响;最后对未来研究进行了展望。     

When do peers influence adolescent males' risk taking? Examining decision making under conditions of risk and ambiguity

Risk taking is highly prevalent among adolescent males, and a range of studies have shown that decisions become riskier if a peer is present. However, previous studies have typically provided participants with explicit probabilities of risk in each situation. This does not accurately reflect adolescents' real‐world risk taking, where decisions are made in ambiguous situations alongside their peers. Aiming for a more ecologically valid design, the present experiment manipulated situational ambiguity and examined its interplay with group decision making and developmental factors. Adolescent males (N = 202) aged 12–15 completed a “Wheel of Fortune” task and then self‐reported their score, presenting an opportunity to cheat as a measure of antisocial risk taking. As predicted, adolescents were more likely to take risks when probabilities were ambiguous rather than explicit. Further, higher levels of gambling choices were made by groups in ambiguous, but not risk situations. Age significantly predicted gambling in ambiguous conditions, whereas developmental dispositions (risk perception, reward sensitivity, and inhibitory control) did not play a role. Findings provide an insight into the social and situational conditions under which adolescent males engage in reckless behavior.