Individual Differences in the Predictions of Behavioral Intentions

Abstract

We examined individual differences in the formation of behavioral intentions by American female students. Within the frameworks of the Fishbein-Ajzen and Triandis models of behavioral intentions, we measured the relative emphasis given to intention predictors for 40 behavioral intentions and examined how this emphasis was related to authoritarianism. In addition, empirical evidence was sought for the conceptual distinction between a personal norm (internalized norm) and a subjective norm (perceptions of significant other' opinions concerning a given action). Relative to low authoritarians, high authoritarians took subjective norms less into account, placed greater emphasis on personal norms, and emphasized less the consequences of action in forming behavioral intentions. The results suggest that subjective and personal norms can be distinguished empirically.     

Social Anxiety Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence: Current Status and Future Directions

This paper reviews the current status of research on the phenomenology, etiology, maintenance, assessment, and treatment of childhood and adolescent social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite being one of the most prevalent disorders of childhood and adolescence, SAD paradoxically stands as one of the least recognized, researched, and treated pediatric disorders. The small treatment outcome literature provides preliminary support to the effectiveness of various forms of cognitive behavior therapy. The majority of studies to date, however, are limited by inadequate control conditions. Other findings include some support for the utility of parental involvement in treatment, significant advancements in outcome measures (e.g., normative comparisons, indices of naturalistic social functioning), and impressive durability of gains for the majority of treatments. Future directions are suggested, including experimental and naturalistic studies of developmental pathways and maintenance factors, the incorporation of positive psychology constructs (e.g., positive emotions, hope, self-control) in treatment and prevention, and the continued delineation of differences between child, adolescent, and adult manifestations of SAD.     

小学儿童谦虚行为的发展研究

谦虚行为是一种中国特有的亲社会行为,在有关儿童道德判断的跨文化研究领域具有比较特殊的意义.本研究通过实验室实验对311名7、9、11岁小学儿童的谦虚行为进行了有益的探索.结果发现,儿童的谦虚行为不仅与年龄因素有关,而且还会受到社会情境因素的影响.     

组织中员工的自愿性工作行为

自愿性工作行为是角色规范之外的自发性行为, 它包括两大类型：一是以组织公民行为、建言行为、周边绩效等为代表的角色外行为; 二是以反生产行为、沉默行为、越轨行为等为代表的负面组织行为。自愿性工作行为的产生是个体与情境相互作用的结果。“组织公民行为-反生产行为”与“建言-沉默”之间的关系并非对立相反, 在一定条件下且可以互相转化, 本研究将特定类目的转化过程推论至总体, 并用情感事件理论、道德补偿原理及经济理性分析对该推论进行理论论证。     

脂多糖激活所致大鼠抑郁样行为及对海马神经细胞钾电流变化的影响

采用细胞因子刺激剂脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)为免疫激活手段, 研究LPS诱导的免疫激活产生的抑郁样行为及对海马神经细胞电压依赖钾电流变化的影响。应用膜片钳技术对海马神经细胞钾电流进行全细胞记录, 比较抑郁样行为大鼠与正常大鼠钾离子通道电流密度和激活特性的变化。结果发现, 与生理盐水对照组相比, 一次LPS注射后2 hr, 实验组动物产生抑郁样行为, 同时急性观察的海马神经细胞的钾离子通道的电流密度呈现显著升高(p<0.01); 而一次LPS注射后24 hr, 动物的抑郁样行为消失, 且急性观察的海马神经细胞的钾离子通道与对照组相比较, 其电流密度和激活曲线没有显著性变化。结论：LPS诱导的抑郁样行为, 与LPS诱导的海马神经细胞电压依赖钾电流的上调在时程上同步, 提示钾离子通道可能参与免疫激活所致的抑郁样行为。     

建言行为的认知影响因素、理论基础及发生机制

目前关于建言行为的研究大多关注其发生的前因变量, 而探讨其认知发生机制的研究则相对较少。建言行为不论是在行为触发机制、过程决策机制还是建议表达机制等三个方面均与个体的认知活动密切相关。通过梳理影响员工建言行为发生的认知因素, 该文提出员工建言行为认知发生机制全模型, 并对未来的研究方向作出展望。     

中国人人格特质结构对合作的影响机制

采用调整后的公共财物范式,将合作分为内部准备阶段（合作意识）和外部表现阶段（合作行为）,以中国人人格问卷（QZPS）为工具,研究人格特质结构对合作不同阶段的影响机制。结果表明,（1）在合作的不同阶段,产生影响作用的人格特质因素不同。中国人人格特质中的善良和情绪性直接影响合作意识,行事风格与人际关系因素直接影响合作行为,外向性通过调节合作意识与合作行为的关系影响合作行为。（2）在考虑合作意识与人格特质交互作用的模型能够更好的解释和预测合作行为。文中讨论了在研究合作过程时从个体内部因素、特质以及外部情境等多角     

The emergence of untrained mands and tacts in children with autism

Despite Skinner's (1957) assertion that verbal operants are initially functionally independent, recent studies have suggested that in some cases the acquisition of one verbal operant (e.g., mand) gives rise to the other (e.g., tact) without explicit training. The present study aimed to evaluate the functional independence of mands and tacts during instruction with children with autism. Four boys with autism (3 to 6 years old) were taught to construct two 4‐piece structures. Two participants were taught directly to mand, whereas the other 2 were taught to tact the names of the pieces. The effects of training were evaluated in a multiple probe design across verbal operants and tasks. Three of the 4 participants demonstrated an immediate transfer of control from 1 verbal operant to the other. These results were consistent with previous research with typically developing young children.     

A computer-based program to teach braille reading to sighted individuals

Instructors of the visually impaired need efficient braille‐training methods. This study conducted a preliminary evaluation of a computer‐based program intended to teach the relation between braille characters and English letters using a matching‐to‐sample format with 4 sighted college students. Each participant mastered matching visual depictions of the braille alphabet to their printed‐word counterparts. Further, each participant increased the number of words they read in a braille passage following this training. These gains were maintained at variable levels on a maintenance probe conducted 2 to 4 weeks after training.