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961.
在前人的研究基础上进行口语报告分析,形成图形推理的认知成分模型。引进多策略多成分潜在特质模型(MLTM for MS)将图形推理的认知成分模型与心理测量模型加以整合,对235名中学生图形推理认知特征进行诊断。结果发现:(1)图形推理总能力相同的被试,各成分对应能力即视知觉识别能力、规则构建能力、规则应用能力不一定相同。(2)被试使用知觉分析策略和分析策略的正确作答概率较高,而使用猜测策略的正确作答概率较低。 相似文献
962.
Robert Kimball, in “What’s Wrong with Argumentum Ad Baculum?” (Argumentation, 2006) argues that dialogue-based models of rational argumentation do not satisfactorily account for what is objectionable about more malicious uses of threats encountered in some ad baculum arguments. We review the dialogue-based approach to argumentum ad baculum, and show how it can offer more than Kimball thinks for analyzing such threat arguments and ad baculum fallacies. 相似文献
963.
This study examined the judgments and reasoning of adolescents (ages 12–19 years) from three sites in urban and rural China (n = 270) and in an urban Canadian comparison sample (n = 72), about the fairness of various forms of democratic and non-democratic government. Adolescents from both China and Canada preferred democratic forms of government, such as representative or direct democracy, to non-democratic systems, such as a meritocracy and an oligarchy of the wealthy, at all ages. Adolescents appealed to fundamental democratic principles, such as representation, voice, and majority rule, to justify their judgments. Similar age-related patterns in judgments and reasoning were found across cultures and across diverse settings within China. 相似文献
964.
作者创新提出对归纳推理非对称性现象的特征迁移解释,认为根据由前提类别已知的特征集合构成的特征样本中迁移出现在结论类别中的特征的比例,能预测作为新特征的归纳特征由前提类别迁移到结论类别的可能性。以大学生为被试的实验结果支持对非对称性现象的特征迁移解释而不是原来的两种相似性解释。 相似文献
965.
基于范例推理(CBR)是人类常用的一种解决问题方式,也是人工智能的一种研究范式,在许多领域都得到了应用。但CBR也可能受到心理定势和负迁移的影响,对于创造性思维有一定的负面作用。研究对CBR进行了改进,提出了在外域搜索范例并作可拓变换的方法,称为基于外域范例的可拓推理,并将它运用到产品创新构思系统的设计中,为把认知心理学应用到国家经济建设中提供了新思路。 相似文献
966.
Habermas,lifelong learning and citizenship education 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Citizenship and its education is again gaining importance in many countries. This paper uses England as its primary example
to develop a Habermasian perspective on this issue. The statutory requirements for citizenship education in England imply
that significant attention be given to the moral and social development of the learner over time, to the active engagement
of the learner in community and to the knowledge skills and understanding necessary for political action. This paper sets
out a theoretical framework that offers a perspective on learning suitable for these far-reaching aims. We argue that schools
need to shift from the currently dominant discourse of accountability to incorporate a discourse of care in order to make
room for an effective and appropriate pedagogy for citizenship. Habermas’s social theory gives us a theoretical framework
that properly locates schools within the lifeworld as part of civil society. Schools should therefore attend to hermeneutical
and emancipatory concerns, not only to strategic interests. We put these in the context of Habermas’s social theory to paint
an alternative vision learning for citizenship education which is based in developing the dispositions, values and attitudes
necessary for lifelong learning with a view to developing ongoing communicative action.
相似文献
Clarence W. Joldersma (Corresponding author)Email: |
967.
Paolo Liberatore 《Studia Logica》2007,86(1):89-110
A consistency default is a propositional inference rule that asserts the consistency of a formula in its consequence. Consistency
defaults allow for a straightforward encoding of domains in which it is explicitely known when something is possible. The
logic of consistency defaults can be seen as a variant of cumulative default logic or as a generalization of justified default
logic; it is also able to simulate Reiter default logic in the seminormal case. A semantical characterization of consistency
defaults in terms of processes and in terms of a fixpoint equation is given, as well as a normal form.
Presented by Melvin Fitting 相似文献
968.
Although the change of beliefs in the face of new information has been widely studied with some success, the revision of other
mental states has received little attention from the theoretical perspective. In particular, intentions are widely recognised as being a key attitude for rational agents, and while several formal theories of intention have been
proposed in the literature, the logic of intention revision has been hardly considered. There are several reasons for this: perhaps most importantly, intentions are very closely connected
with other mental states—in particular, beliefs about the future and the abilities of the agent. So, we cannot study them
in isolation. We must consider the interplay between intention revision and the revision of other mental states, which complicates
the picture considerably. In this paper, we present some first steps towards a theory of intention revision. We develop a
simple model of an agent’s mental states, and define intention revision operators. Using this model, we develop a logic of
intention dynamics, and then investigate some of its properties. 相似文献
969.
Recently, the Eriksonian midlife personality strength of generativity has been described as existing in many forms and in persons of differing ages (McAdams, 2001). In this longitudinal study, narratives of life “turning points” and significant accomplishments were examined for generative themes in 32 adolescent/emerging adults (aged 16 and 20 years). We also explored these emerging adults’ volunteering behavior, prosocial reasoning, and parental influence as potential factors in generativity. Several parenting factors when adolescents were 16 (parents’ autonomy-encouraging practices, their emphasis on caring in stories of family value teaching, and adolescents’ reports of authoritative parenting style) were associated with more generative themes in narratives at age 20. Adolescents’ levels of prosocial reasoning, volunteering behavior, and personal value choices were also associated as expected with generative theme usage at age 20 in life stories, supporting the meaningfulness of this construct in emerging adulthood. 相似文献
970.
The mechanisms underwriting our commonsense psychology, or 'theory of mind', have been extensively investigated via reasoning tasks that require participants to predict the action of agents based on information about beliefs and desires. However, relatively few studies have investigated the processes contributing to a central component of 'theory of mind' - our ability to explain the action of agents in terms of underlying beliefs and desires. In two studies, we demonstrate a novel phenomenon in adult belief-desire reasoning, capturing the folk notion that 'actions speak louder than words'. When story characters were described as searching in the wrong place for a target object, adult subjects often endorsed mental state explanations referencing a distracter object, but only when that object was approached. We discuss how this phenomenon, alongside other reasoning "errors" (e.g., hindsight bias; the curse of knowledge) can be used to illuminate the architecture of domain specific belief-desire reasoning processes. 相似文献