Intervention and sleeper effects: A reply to Clarke and Clarke

The evolution of the concept of “sleeper effects” is traced from the work of C. I. Hovland, A. A. Lumsdaine, and F. D. Sheffield, Experiments on Mass Communication. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1949, to the present time. The concept originally referred to the delayed emergence of attitude change in persuasibility research. It has also been used in developmental investigations, with attendant theoretical problems that have not been fully addressed. These problems are examined, with the recommendation that the social psychologist's sleeper effect should be modified to meet developmental needs and renamed “delayed treatment effects”. Such effects are highly relevant to recent findings from studies of early childhood intervention programs.     

Metaphoric comprehension: Studies in reminding and resembling

The theoretical problems posed by metaphoric comprehension are discussed in the context of experiments on prompted recall. Listeners heard sentences of the form “Topic is (like) Vehicle.” In most cases, a statement of the implicit resemblance (the “ground”) was very effective in prompting recall of its related metaphor. This result could not be attributed to the activation, transfer, or additive combination of pre-existing properties of the topic and vehicle terms or to pre-existing associations between grounds and sentence terms. It is argued that the vehicle domain guides a novel schematization of the topic domain, that the perceived resemblance is a higher-order relation among entities (both explicit and implicit) in each domain, and that this abstract relation constitutes the “functional memory unit.” Prompted recall may begin with recognition of this previously experienced relation.     

Some effects of gaze on subjects motivated to seek or to avoid social comparison

In a conceptual replication and extension of Sarnoff and Zimbardo's study (Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 62, 356–363), subjects were motivated to seek (Fear Arousal) or avoid (Embarrassment Arousal) social comparison. They were then required to affiliate with another person who either encouraged social comparison by gazing directly at the subject or discouraged it by averting his gaze. This other person was either an appropriate reference person (similar saate) or irrelevant for social comparison purposes. As predicted, Fear subjects liked a companion who looked at them and felt less tense in his presence, while Embarrassed subjects preferred the person who looked away. This interaction occurred only in the Appropriate Reference Person condition, a result consistent with an explanation based on social comparison processes.     

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖中的“四大利器”

生物医学原理与高科技结合诞生了心电图仪、CT扫描仪、核磁共振成像及膜片钳等四个仪器,它们还登上了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的宝座.这些仪器将科学技术通过发明的途径物化成生产工具,对人类进步做出了巨大贡献,犹如开路“利器”,对人类文明的历史产生了深远的影响.挖掘四大“利器”研发历程中的重大进展,对未来相关研究在科学思维层面提供了极好的哲学理念和探索启示.仪器获奖的意义在于将科学仪器赋予人类的强大力量在一定程度上转化为能够按照人类自己的目的和方式去设计和建设自己的未来.     

心脏冠状动脉多层CT检查——临床上我们是否应用得当?

心脏冠状动脉多层CT扫描目前在对心脏进行整体扫描进而发现冠状动脉狭窄或冠状动脉钙化方面应用较多,但从经济费用-临床效益比值考虑,是否所有患者均需进行此项检查值得商榷。为降低患者就诊成本,我们认为,对于年轻非糖尿病患者可先根据Framingham冠心病危险量表进行测算患者未来10年出现冠心病的危险度,如果根据此量表计算的患者未来10年出现冠心病的危险度10%的中度以上危险度的患者,才应该给予心脏冠状动脉多层CT扫描检查以了解其是否需要进一步深入治疗。     

CT门静脉成像在食管胃静脉曲张栓塞术后的应用价值

探讨CT门静脉成像(CTP)在食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术后疗效评价中的价值。23例门静脉高压上消化道出血患者采用经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE),用TH胶栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉及其相关侧支循环血管。栓塞前、后各进行了CT门静脉成像检查,观察TH胶的位置、范围和曲张静脉的残存情况。CT门静脉成像显示23例食管胃底曲张静脉及相关侧支血管内可见TH胶充填,TH胶位置准确、固定,无移位、游走现象,5例可见曲张静脉残留。CT门静脉成像可以直观显示和评价食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞的治疗效果。     

孤立性心肌桥-壁冠状动脉患者的多层螺旋CT及临床分析

试图分析孤立性心肌桥-壁冠状动脉（MB—MCA）病变患者的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）的影像学特点与临床表现之间的内在联系。回顾性收集自2003年1月至2007年3月,在我院住院并行MSCT,保存有清楚影像学资料,临床排除有其他心脏病合并症的MB—MCA患者,共53例,发现MB—MCA病变65处。平均年龄（57．3±12．6）岁,其中男性27例,LAD病变59例。MCA长度（20．8±11．2）mm,MB厚度（2．0±1．6）mm。58．5％的患者有心电图改变,大部分为女性,有胸部不适症状者占90．6％。单纯应用非二氢吡啶类钙离子拮抗剂者15例,治疗有效率达到73．3％（11例）,单纯应用β受体阻滞剂者12例,症状缓解率达到66．7％（9例）。单纯应用硝酸酯类药物者16例,仅有2倒（12．5％）缓解。MB—MCA可能导致心肌缺血和临床症状,可进行干预性治疗;对硝酸酯类药物不能缓解的胸痛患者要想到MB—MCA可能,有条件者应该进行MSCT等影像学检查,诊断明确的可以试用β受体阻滞剂及非二氧吡啶娄拮抗剂．     

螺旋CT小肠造影及传统气钡双重对比造影检查在诊断小肠肿瘤性疾病中的价值比较

为了探讨螺旋CT小肠造影（CT enterograph,CTEG）及传统气钡双重对比造影检查在诊断小肠肿瘤性疾病中的价值。回顾性分析小肠肿瘤50例,患者先后行CTEG及传统气钡双重对比造影检查,所得图像由3位放射科医师进行评价。结果显示,50例小肠肿瘤性病变CTEG检查敏感性94％,准确性90％。传统气钡双重对比造影检查敏感性100％,准确性86％。两种方法相结合准确性98％。CTEG及传统气钡双重对比造影检查结合应用可作为小肠肿瘤诊断和评估治疗的必要的检查方法。