Learning,Attention, Writing,and Processing Speed in Typical Children and Children with ADHD,Autism, Anxiety,Depression, and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder

Learning, attention, graphomotor, and processing speed scores were analyzed in 149 typical control children and 886 clinical children with normal intelligence. Nonsignificant differences were found between control children and children with anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder. Control children performed better than children with ADHD and autism in all areas. Children with ADHD and autism did not differ, except that children with ADHD had greater learning problems. Attention, graphomotor, and speed weaknesses were likely to coexist, the majority of children with autism and ADHD had weaknesses in all three areas, and these scores contributed significantly to the prediction of academic achievement.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与冠状动脉支架再狭窄关系的研究

探讨冠状动脉内支架再狭窄与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的关系及其机制.选择冠状动脉支架植入术后患者172例,其中43例确诊患OSAHS者为研究组,129例无OSAHS的患者为对照组.支架术后第3年行冠状动脉造影术,同时检测患者静脉血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-4、IL-5、IL-10水平.OSAHS患者7例发生支架内再狭窄,比率16.26%,明显高于对照组6例,比率5.67%（P〈0.01）;OSAHS患者血清中TNF-α、IL-6浓度高于对照组（P〈0.01）;IL-4、IL-5、IL-10水平低于对照组（P〈0.01）.合并OSAHS的患者,支架再狭窄的发生率高于非OSAHS患者,而OSAHS引发的炎症介质水平改变及炎症反应失衡可能与支架再狭窄有关.     

Affect-congruent approach and withdrawal movements of happy and angry faces facilitate affective categorisation

Increasing evidence indicates that evaluation of affective stimuli facilitates the execution of affect-congruent approach and avoidance responses, and vice versa. These effects are proposed to be mediated by increases or decreases in the relative distance to the stimulus, due to the participant's action. In a series of experiments we investigated whether stimulus categorisation is similarly influenced when changes in this relative distance are due to movement of the stimulus instead of movements by the participant. Participants responded to happy and angry faces that appeared to approach (move towards) or withdraw (move away) from them. In line with previous findings, affective categorisation was facilitated when the movement was congruent with stimulus valence, resulting in faster and more correct responses to approaching happy and withdrawing angry faces. These findings suggest that relative distance indeed plays a crucial role in approach–avoidance congruency effects, and that these effects do not depend on the execution of movements by the participant.     

Automatic influence of arousal information on evaluative processing: Valence–arousal interactions in an affective Simon task

Previous research showed that evaluation speed is faster for negative stimuli that are high in arousal and for positive stimuli that are low in arousal. The present study investigated whether arousal and valence analogously interact in automatic stimulus evaluations, i.e., if stimulus valence is irrelevant for the task. One sample of participants switched randomly between an evaluation task and an affective Simon task that assessed stimulus evaluations indirectly. Another sample completed a pure Simon task. In all conditions, the influence of affective stimuli on task performance was enhanced when valence and arousal were congruent (i.e., high-arousing negative and low-arousing positive stimuli) than when both stimulus dimensions were incongruent (i.e., low-arousing negative and high-arousing positive stimuli). These findings suggest that evaluative implications of stimulus arousal and valence are automatically inferred even when stimulus evaluation is irrelevant for the task at hand.     

The relationship between blushing propensity,social anxiety and facial blood flow during embarrassment

To investigate blushing in relation to blushing propensity scores and core elements of social anxiety, facial blood flow was monitored in 86 normal volunteers during an embarrassing task (singing a children's song). Increases in facial blood flow were greater in women than men, as were scores on the Blushing Propensity and Fear of Negative Evaluation scales. In addition, high scores on the Blushing Propensity and Social Interaction Anxiety scales were associated with large increases in facial blood flow during singing. However, this appeared to be due primarily to social anxiety because the association between blushing propensity scores and changes in facial blood flow disappeared when social interaction anxiety scores were taken into account. These findings suggest that people generally base their beliefs about blushing on cues other than changes in facial blood flow. Social anxiety may augment increases in facial blood flow during embarrassment, independently of expected or perceived blushing.     

Sexist Treatment in the Mental Health System

No abstract available for this article.     

Chapter 6. Greater Satisfaction with Post-Injury Male Gender Roles

ABSTRACT

Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious form of child abuse, involving infants under the age of six months. Deliberately shaking an infant is often associated with frustration or anger, particularly when an infant will not stop crying. The shaking results in numerous initial and long-term consequences for the developing infant. In its most severe form Shaken Baby Syndrome results in the death of the infant. A case study detailing the clinical findings and treatment of a six-month-old infant with Shaken Baby Syndrome who received inpatient occupational therapy services is presented.     

Decreasing Self-Injurious Behavior in a Student with Autism and Tourette Syndrome through Positive Attention and Extinction

This case study was conducted with a student diagnosed with autism and Tourette syndrome who displayed severe self-injurious behavior (SIB). We conducted a functional behavioral assessment which indicated that SIB was maintained by multiple functions using an ABAC design to determine the effect of positive social attention and extinction. Results show a considerable decrease in SIB incidents, particularly when session duration was reduced from 10 minutes to 5 minutes during the second intervention phase. Thus, the combination of contingent social attention formulated from the functional assessment and extinction was successful in bringing about significant decreases in SIB. This combination holds great promise as a nonintrusive positive strategy for SIB.     

Improving access to psychological therapies: systemic therapy in the Newham pilot site

The improving access to psychological therapies (IAPT) programme, which started with two pilot sites, has dramatically changed the provision of mental health services for depression and anxiety disorders in the National Health Service. The IAPT initiative has focused on the provision of cognitive behaviour therapy but incorporated a small systemic therapy service in the Newham pilot site. The outcomes of this systemic service are presented in this article. Most clients seen by the service suffered from depression and anxiety disorders. The response rate for the evaluation questionnaires was high. For the depression and anxiety measures the recovery rate was above 50 per cent and the effect sizes were large. Most of the clients were satisfied with the service. A trend towards employment was identified. The outcomes are discussed in comparison with those of the cognitive behaviour therapy service and recommendations for the process of further studies are made.     

Detecting conscious awareness from involuntary autonomic responses

Can conscious awareness be ascertained from physiological responses alone? We evaluate a novel learning-based procedure permitting detection of conscious awareness without reliance on language comprehension or behavioural responses. The method exploits a situation whereby only consciously detected violations of an expectation alter skin conductance responses (SCRs). Thirty participants listened to sequences of piano notes that, without their being told, predicted a pleasant fanfare or an aversive noise according to an abstract rule. Stimuli were presented without distraction (attended), or while distracted by a visual task to remove awareness of the rule (unattended). A test phase included occasional violations of the rule. Only participants attending the sounds reported awareness of violations and only they showed significantly greater SCR for noise occurring in violation, vs. accordance, with the rule. Our results establish theoretically significant dissociations between conscious and unconscious processing and furnish new opportunities for clinical assessment of residual consciousness in patient populations.