大中学生体像烦恼与自尊的相关研究

研究运用青少年学生体像烦恼问卷和自尊量表考察了2981名大、中学生的体像烦恼与自尊的关系。研究表明:青少年学生总的体像烦恼及四个具体方面与自尊都呈显著的负相关;有体像烦恼的男生的自尊得分显著低于女生;有体像烦恼的大学生自尊得分显著低于高中生;有体像烦恼的城市学生的自尊得分显著低于农村学生;随着年龄的增长,体像中与整体自我价值感相关的内容呈现减少的趋势;大中学生肥胖指数与自我对体重的主观认识呈显著正相关;肥胖指数与自我体重认识一致者与不一致者的自尊得分无显著性差异。     

教师和家长关于儿童入学准备观念的调查研究

本研究对218名家长和370名教师进行了问卷调查。从身体和运动发展、情绪和社会性发展、学习方式、言语发展、认知发展和一般知识基础、家庭6个维度,考察了家长和教师对儿童入学准备的看法,并比较了家长、幼儿教师和小学教师对儿童入学准备观念的差异。结果发现:(1)整体上看,家长、幼儿教师和小学教师最重视身体健康、注意力、教养方式、自信心、学习兴趣、会听课等方面的问题;(2)幼儿教师和小学教师有关儿童入学准备的观念比较接近,而小学教师相对重视服从权威、父母教育程度、文明礼貌、自我中心和表达能力等方面的问题;幼儿教师相对重视抗挫折能力、亲子关系、学习态度、自我控制、身体健康等方面的问题;(3)家长与教师的观念在整体上存在显著差异。     

Students Who Like and Dislike School

The major goal of this study was to investigate relationships among levels of 341 secondary school students’ school satisfaction and various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and academic measures. The measures included the School subscale from the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1994), Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1991), Children’s Hope Scale (Snyder et al. 1997), Behavioral Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992), self-perceived grade point average (GPA) and participation in extracurricular activities (SEAs). Students were placed into three groups based on their school satisfaction reports, including very low (lowest 20%), average (middle 30%), and very high (highest 20%) levels of school satisfaction. Students with very low school satisfaction differed from students with very high school satisfaction on all adjustment measures; students with very low school satisfaction also differed from students with average levels of school satisfaction on all measures, except the self-esteem measure. Relative to students reporting average levels of school satisfaction, students reporting very high satisfaction demonstrated significantly higher scores on measures of global life satisfaction, hope, internal locus of control, and GPA. Finally, only three students in the very high satisfaction group and nine students in the average satisfaction group reported clinical levels of psychological symptoms. In the very low satisfaction group, clinical levels of symptoms were reported by 30%, 22%, and 16% of the students on the Clinical Maladjustment, Personal Adjustment, and Emotional Symptoms Index, respectively. Implications for future research and educational practices are discussed.     

小学儿童在空间概念中的内隐学习

本研究以一、三、五年级小学儿童为被试,探查小学儿童在不同学习模式下空间概念的发展情况。研究结果如下:(1)不同学习模式下,儿童的认知发展呈现不同的趋势;(2)随认知任务难度的增加,不同学习模式的成绩出现差异;(3)不同学习模式下,不同难度任务的成绩存在差异。     

农村中学生应对方式研究

本文使用应对方式问卷对350名农村中学生进行调查,以探讨农村中学生应对方式状况．为实际教育提供依据。结果表明,中学生整体上趋向于成熟的应对方式如解决问题、求助等,但还存在不成熟的应对如幻想、退避等,因此需要引导和帮助;具体在各应对因子上不存在显著年级差异,解决问题和合理化因子上性别差异显著,不同类型学校学生和不同科目中学生等存在一定的显著差异。     

Multilevel Model Prediction

Multilevel models are proven tools in social research for modeling complex, hierarchical systems. In multilevel modeling, statistical inference is based largely on quantification of random variables. This paper distinguishes among three types of random variables in multilevel modeling—model disturbances, random coefficients, and future response outcomes—and provides a unified procedure for predicting them. These predictors are best linear unbiased and are commonly known via the acronym BLUP; they are optimal in the sense of minimizing mean square error and are Bayesian under a diffuse prior. For parameter estimation purposes, a multilevel model can be written as a linear mixed-effects model. In this way, parameters of the many equations can be estimated simultaneously and hence efficiently. For prediction purposes, we show that it is more convenient to retain the multiple equation feature of multilevel models. In this way, the efficient BLUPs are easy to compute and retain their intuitively appealing recursive form. We also derive explicit equations for standard errors of these different types of predictors. Prediction in multilevel modeling is important in a wide range of applications. To demonstrate the applicability of our results, this paper discusses prediction in the context of a study of school effectiveness. This research was supported by a grant from the Graduate School at the University of Wisconsin at Madision and the National Science Foundation, Grant number SES-0436274. We are grateful to Norman Webb at Wisconsin Center for Education Research for making available the data used in the reported application.     

小学生数学学习观:结构与特点的研究

采用问卷法,本研究探讨了小学生数学学习观的结构与表现特点。研究表明:小学生数学学习观的四个因素,即数学学习兴趣、课堂参与性、数学学科观与数学交流的素养,能够较好地解释数学学习观的心理结构;小学生的数学学习兴趣与课堂参与性,随着年级升高显著下降,而在数学学科观与数学交流的素养方面则表现出相反的趋势,即随着年级升高而提升;男生的学习兴趣与课堂参与性明显高于女生,但在数学学科观与数学交流的素养方面,女生则明显好于男生。     

汉魏易学发展的理论结晶:《周易正义》——学术及政治视野下的创作动因审视

唐初著名经学家、易学家孔颖达奉诏撰定的《周易正义》,是对自《易传》成书以来两汉魏晋南北朝及隋代千百年来易学演变所进行的一次全面、系统的理论总结与发展,是对汉魏以来象数易学与义理易学的承继、超越与创新,是汉魏易学发展的一部理论结晶之作．这部在易学及易学哲学史上具有划时代意义的易学名著的得以问世,乃根源于其特定历史时期的学术及政治背景．本文将对其学术及政治视野下的创作历史动因,加以审视与考察．总括言之,可析为三个方面：一,学术与政治走向统一的历史必然产物;二、立足王注、倡导义理的时代必然选择;三,博取众家、熔于一炉的学术必然归宿．     

抑郁中学生自我相关生活事件的编码特点研究

采用Tversky1的实验范式,探讨抑郁和非抑郁的中学生对自我相关生活事件(正性、负性、中性)的编码加工特点。研究发现:1)非抑郁组把负性和中性句子条目编码为正性多(p<0.01),而抑郁组把正性条目和中性条目编码为负性多(p<0.01);2)在编码偏向上,抑郁组采用负偏向编码,非抑郁组采用正偏向编码(p<0.01)。提示抑郁症状中学生对正性和中性的社会信息较多的负偏向编码。     

The Efficacy of a Video-Based Teamwork-Building Series with Urban Elementary School Students: A Pilot Investigation

The Talking with TJ teamwork-building series is a video-based program designed to promote social/emotional competence in elementary school children. The program emphasizes group planning, diversity appreciation, and teamwork. Although it has been implemented in schools and by children's social organizations nationwide, empirical investigations have not evaluated its use in urban school districts. This article presents pilot data on the effectiveness of “TJ” with a sample of 208 third-grade students from an urban district designated “high risk” due to poverty, community violence, and below average reading abilities. TJ had significant positive effects on several aspects of students' social concept, but did not lead to significant behavior changes over the 5-week intervention period. These results suggest that the program is a promising means of increasing feelings of self-efficacy for students participating in cooperative problem solving tasks, but a longer-term intervention is likely necessary to produce significant behavioral effects.