数学成绩与代数应用题分类结果的相关研究

以初中代数应用题为材料,探讨了不同年级学生对代数应用题的分类结果与数学成绩的关系。结果表明：不同年级学生对代数应用题分类结果差异显著;数学成绩优生与数学成绩差生对代数应用题分类结果差异显著。     

复杂目标实现过程中进展感知与努力的因果关系：基于潜在差分模型的分析

长期、多任务复杂目标实现过程中,个体如何依据过往进展来调节未来努力付诸程度,一直是工业与组织心理学中有争议的话题之一。本研究以创业活动作为研究背景,以PESD数据库中215名创业者为研究对象,构建潜在差分模型对连续5年的创业进展感知与创业努力的客观数据进行分析。结果显示,进展感知和努力间呈现互动式因果关系：前一期努力程度能够预测下一期进展感知的增加,但前一期进展感知却使得下一期努力程度减弱。     

How Do Propensity Score Methods Measure Up in the Presence of Measurement Error? A Monte Carlo Study

Considering that the absence of measurement error in research is a rare phenomenon and its effects can be dramatic, we examine the impact of measurement error on propensity score (PS) analysis used to minimize selection bias in behavioral and social observational studies. A Monte Carlo study was conducted to explore the effects of measurement error on the treatment effect and balance estimates in PS analysis across seven different PS conditioning methods. In general, the results indicate that even low levels of measurement error in the covariates lead to substantial bias in estimates of treatment effects and concomitant reduction in confidence interval coverage across all methods of conditioning on the PS.     

Predictors of early person reference development: Maternal language input,attachment and neurodevelopmental markers

In a longitudinal natural language development study in Germany, the acquisition of verbal symbols for present persons, absent persons, inanimate things and the mother–toddler dyad was investigated. Following the notion that verbal referent use is more developed in ostensive contexts, symbolic play situations were coded for verbal person reference by means of noun and pronoun use. Depending on attachment classifications at twelve months of age, effects of attachment classification and maternal language input were studied up to 36 months in four time points. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, except for mother absence, maternal verbal referent input rates at 17 and 36 months were stronger predictors for all referent types than any of the attachment organizations, or any other social or biological predictor variable. Attachment effects accounted for up to 9.8% of unique variance proportions in the person reference variables. Perinatal and familial measures predicted person references dependent on reference type. The results of this investigation indicate that mother-reference, self-reference and thing-reference develop in similar quantities measured from the 17-month time point, but are dependent of attachment quality.     

Schizotypy,cognitive performance,and genetic risk for schizophrenia in a non-clinical population

Schizophrenia risk alleles are expected to mediate effects on cognitive task performance, and aspects of personality including schizotypy, in nonclinical populations. We investigated how 32 of the best-validated schizophrenia risk alleles, singly and as summed genetic risk, were related to measures of schizotypal personality and measures of two aspects of cognitive performance, verbal skills (vocabulary) and visual-spatial skills (mental rotation), in healthy individuals. Summed genetic risk score was not associated with levels of total schizotypy or its three main subscales. Similarly, genotypic variation at none of the individual risk loci was related to cognitive performance measures, after correction for multiple tests. Higher overall genetic risk score was, however, associated with lower performance on the mental rotation test in males, with a broad set of loci contributing to this effect. These results imply that there is a lack of linear, genetically-based continuity connecting schizotypal cognition with the expression of schizophrenia itself, and indicate that, for males, higher genetic risk of schizophrenia exerts negative effects on visual-spatial skills, as measured by mental rotation.     

无望抑郁认知易感操作化方法及其研究述评

合成分数、基于最弱联结假设提出的最大值以及基于解释方式差异性提出的个体内标准差是目前无望抑郁研究中应用较广的认知易感操作化方法.回顾无望抑郁研究所使用的认知易感操作化方法,梳理这些操作化方法对理解无望抑郁症状发展及其治疗的意义,可发现合成分数与最大值反映了无望抑郁认知易感因子之间关系的不同侧面,后续研究可继续对这两种操作化方法进行比较,以个体内标准差计算出的解释弹性可能是无望抑郁理论之外新的易感因素,可为治疗抑郁提供新的视角.     

Implications of Indeterminate Factor-Error Covariances for Factor Construction, Prediction, and Determinacy

The assumptions of the model for factor analysis do not exclude a class of indeterminate covariances between factors and error variables (Grayson, 2003). The construction of all factors of the model for factor analysis is generalized to incorporate indeterminate factor-error covariances. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for indeterminate factor-error covariances to be arbitrarily small, for mean square convergence of the regression predictor of factor scores, and for the existence of a unique determinate factor and error variable. The determinate factor and error variable are uncorrelated and satisfy the defining assumptions of factor analysis. Several examples are given to illustrate the results. Requests for reprints should be sent to Wim P. Krijnen, Lisdodde 1, 9679 MC Scheemda, The Netherlands.     

青少年道德判断能力的研究

德国道德心理学家林德提出“道德行为与发展的双面理论”,并设计了著名的“道德判断测验”,在20多年的研究中取得了很多重要成果。我们以中文版的“道德判断测验”为测量工具,以724名12-27岁青少年学生为被试进行实证研究,研究结果表明:学生的C分数随年级提高而有所提高,但不同年级之间有一定波动,说明学校教育有助于提高学生的道德判断能力,但存在不稳定因素。男女生C分数不存在显著差异,学校内部各年级之间也不存在显著差异,不同性质的学生之间不存在显著差异;     

标准参照测验分数体系的探讨研究

随着考试事业的发展,标准参照测验（Criterion Referenced Test,CRT）也越来越多地受到人们的关注,但是它却陷入了用常模参照测验的方法来解释和报告分数的误区。该文从国内外重大标准参照测验CET-4＆CET-6、HSK、GRE、CLEP等分数体系入手,通过对其分数体系的共同点分析,探讨出适合于标准参照测验的分数体系,最后指出目前一些测验的分数体系仍然存在的问题。     

On the reliability of the extreme score

Under the assumption of normality, a formula is derived for the reliability of the maximum score. It is shown that the maximum score is more reliable than each of the single observations, but less reliable than their composite score.