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151.
Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of compounds including nicotine. Many constituents have known toxicity to the brain, cardiovascular,
and pulmonary systems. Nicotine, on the other hand, by virtue of its short-term actions on the cholinergic system, has positive
effects on certain cognitive domains including working memory and executive function and may be, under certain conditions,
neuroprotective. In this paper, we review recent literature, laboratory and epidemiologic, that describes the components of
mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke, including heavy metals and their toxicity, the effect of medicinal nicotine on the
brain, and studies of the relationship between smoking and (1) preclinical brain changes including silent brain infarcts;
white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy; (2) single measures of cognition; (3) cognitive decline over repeated measures;
and (4) dementia. In most studies, exposure to smoke is associated with increased risk for negative preclinical and cognitive
outcomes in younger people as well as in older adults. Potential mechanisms for smoke’s harmful effects include oxidative
stress, inflammation, and atherosclerotic processes. Recent evidence implicates medicinal nicotine as potentially harmful
to both neurodevelopment in children and to catalyzing processes underlying neuropathology in Alzheimer’s Disease. The reviewed
evidence suggests caution with the use of medicinal nicotine in pregnant mothers and older adults at risk for certain neurological
disease. Directions for future research in this area include the assessment of comorbidities (alcohol consumption, depression)
that could confound the association between smoking and neurocognitive outcomes, the use of more specific measures of smoking
behavior and cognition, the use of biomarkers to index exposure to smoke, and the assessment of cognition-related genotypes
to better understand the role of interactions between smoking/nicotine and variation in genotype in determining susceptibility
to the neurotoxic effects of smoking and the putative beneficial effects of medicinal nicotine. 相似文献
152.
The objective of this study was to examine response inhibition- and feedback-related neural activity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using event-related functional MRI. Sixteen male adults with ADHD and 13 healthy/normal controls participated in this study and performed a modified Go/NoGo task. Behaviourally, attention and inhibition problems in the ADHD group were observed; no feedback-related differences between the groups were detected. The neuroimaging data showed that the ADHD group displayed more activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and putamen during response inhibition. During feedback-related processes, the ADHD group displayed less activation in the inferior frontal/orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus/nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus, but more activity in the inferior frontal gyrus. These results indicate that at least two distinguishable underlying brain networks related to response inhibition and feedback are altered in adults with ADHD. 相似文献
153.
154.
Renaud Jardri Delphine Pins Maxime Bubrovszky Bernard Lucas Vianney Lethuc Christine Delmaire Vincent Vantyghem Pascal Despretz Pierre Thomas 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(2):449-457
Although complex hallucinations are extremely vivid, painful symptoms in schizophrenia, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of multisensory integration in such a phenomenon. We investigated the neural basis of these altered states of consciousness in a patient with schizophrenia, by combining state of the art neuroscientific exploratory methods like functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, cortical thickness analysis, electrical source reconstruction and trans-cranial magnetic stimulation. The results shed light on the functional architecture of the hallucinatory processes, in which unimodal information from different modalities is strongly functionally connected to higher-order integrative areas. 相似文献
155.
KENNETH HUGDAHL 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(6):553-560
Auditory hallucination is a key characteristic of schizophrenia that seriously debilitates the patient, with consequences for social engagement with others. Hallucinatory experiences are also observed in healthy individuals in the general population who report “hearing voices” in the absence of an external acoustic input. A view on auditory hallucinations and “hearing voices” is presented that regards such phenomena as perceptual processes, originating from speech perception areas in the left temporal lobe. Healthy individuals “hearing voices” are, however, often aware that the experience comes from inner thought processes, which is not reported by hallucinating patients. A perceptual model can therefore, not alone explain the difference in the phenomenology of how the “voices heard” are attributed to either an inner or outer cause. An expanded model is thus presented which takes into account top‐down cognitive control, localized to prefrontal cortical areas, to inhibit and re‐attribute the perceptual mis‐representations. The expanded model is suggested to be empirically validated using a dichotic listening speech perception paradigm with instructions for top‐down control of attention focus to either the right or left side in auditory space. It is furthermore suggested to use fMRI to validate the temporal and frontal lobe neuronal correlates of the cognitive processes involved in auditory hallucinations. 相似文献
156.
Ken Aizawa 《Synthese》2009,167(3):493-510
One trend in recent work on topic of the multiple realization of psychological properties has been an emphasis on greater
sensitivity to actual science and greater clarity regarding the metaphysics of realization and multiple realization. One contribution
to this trend is Bechtel and Mundale’s examination of the implications of brain mapping for multiple realization. Where Bechtel
and Mundale argue that studies of brain mapping undermine claims about the multiple realization, this paper challenges that
argument. 相似文献
157.
The human brain is often considered the most complex system known. It has a fantastic capacity to learn and remember, to recognize patterns in space and time, solve problems of all kinds, innovate tools and machines, create beautiful art and science. Is it reasonable to believe that we, in a foreseeable future, will be able to understand all the wonders of our own brain, enough to be able to mimic it and build artificial brains and minds that correspond to or even surpass the capacity of the human origin? Can we seriously believe that we (soon, or ever) will be able to build robots that know of and can reflect upon their own existence?This review of the book, The Brain and AI, deals with such issues, but in a very special way. It is written as a fascinating dialogue between the two authors, Chinese scientist Fanji Gu and German engineer Karl Schlagenhauf, where they discuss the development of neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI) with a critical examination of given “truths” in these fields. The Brain and AI is indeed worth reading for many reasons, regardless if you are a student or researcher in any of the many fields of science discussed here (e.g. physics, computer science, neuroscience, cognitive science psychology, social science), or if you are just interested in the current and future development of brain research and artificial intelligence. The book is both educating and entertaining and can be strongly recommended. 相似文献
158.
ObjectivesWe previously demonstrated that a traditional high-volume (HV) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) was more effective in improving post-exercise inhibitory control (IC) than moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE). Nevertheless, because HV-HIIE is performed with a higher volume and longer duration, it may result in decreased adherence to this exercise for some individuals. In this study, we compared the effect of a practical low-volume (LV) HIIE to that of MCE on post-exercise IC improvements.DesignTwenty healthy males performed both LV-HIIE and MCE on a cycle ergometer in a crossover design.MethodLV-HIIE was consisted of ten 1-min bouts at 90% of the peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) with 1-min active recovery at 30% of VO2 peak, which had a total duration of 20 min. MCE was performed for 40 min at 60% of VO2 peak. To evaluate IC, the Stroop test was administered before exercise, immediately after exercise, and every 10 min during the 30-min post-exercise recovery period.ResultsIC significantly improved immediately after LV-HIIE and MCE compared with that before each exercise (both Ps < 0.05). The improved IC remained significant until the 20-min post-exercise recovery period for both protocols (all Ps < 0.05). The degrees of post-exercise IC improvements throughout the 30-min post-exercise recovery period did not differ significantly between protocols.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrated that despite lower exercise volume and shorter exercise duration, LV-HIIE could improve post-exercise IC similar to MCE. 相似文献
159.