Autonomy in the medical profession in the United Kingdom – an historical perspective

This paper reviews the concept of professional autonomy from anhistorical perspective. It became formalised in the United Kingdom onlyafter a long struggle throughout most of the nineteenth century. In itspure form professional autonomy implies unlimited powers to undertakemedical investigations and to prescribe treatment, irrespective of cost.Doctors alone should determine the quality of care and the levels ofremuneration to which they should be entitled. In the second half of thetwentieth century a steady erosion of professional autonomy occurred inthe United Kingdom. The level of remuneration has been restricted formost doctors for nearly fifty years, whilst the costs of health carehave steadily reduced the doctor's ability to provide unrestricted carewithin the health care system. Reorganisation of the National HealthService in 1983 and 1991 has substantially eroded professional autonomy,to the point where research developments, clinical judgement and ethicalstandards are all now being placed at risk.     

AN EFFECTIVENESS TRIAL OF CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT IN A FELONY PREADJUDICATION DRUG COURT

This study evaluated a contingency management (CM) program in a drug court. Gift certificates for compliance were delivered at 4‐ to 6‐week intervals (total value = $390.00). Participants in one condition earned gift certificates that escalated by $5.00 increments. Participants in a second condition began earning higher magnitude gift certificates, and the density of reinforcement was gradually decreased. No main effects of CM were detected, which appears to be attributable to a ceiling effect from the intensive contingencies already delivered in the drug court and the low density of reinforcement. Preplanned interaction analyses suggested that participants with more serious criminal backgrounds might have performed better in the CM conditions. This suggests that CM programs may be best suited for more incorrigible drug offenders.     

心理健康：从系统资源管理的视角来看

从系统资源管理的视角来看,心理健康的基本内涵是个体对其生命活动管理的有效性,它分为5个基本的操作维度;心理健康的实践任务就在于促进个体对其生命活动的有效管理,使其能采取正确的生活方式,对自己的生命承担起责任。     

印象整饰对强迫服从后态度改变的影响

以194名大学生为被试,采用实验室实验法和利克特型态度量表,对Festinger和Carlsmith“强迫服从的认知性后果”实验进行了验证研究,并对个体印象整饰水平—自我监控力的差异对强迫服从后的态度中庸现象的影响作用进行了实验研究。结果表明：（1）自我监控性高低极端组在强迫服从后的态度得分不支持Festinger等实验的结果;（2）个体的印象整饰水平的差异对强迫服从中出现的态度中庸现象有显著影响作用。仅从个体内在的心理因素来解释复杂的社会行为是不够的,我们既要考虑个体自身的因素也要考虑外在环境的作用     

Aggressive Behavior of Passengers, Conflict Management Behavior, and Burnout Among Trolley Car Drivers

A sample of 96 trolley car drivers was used to investigate the relationship between aggressive behavior of passengers and burnout, the moderating effect of conflict management behavior of the drivers on this relationship; and the influence of burnout on customer-friendliness, passenger complaints, and absenteeism. The results show that aggressive behavior of passengers was related to all 3 burnout dimensions. The relationship of aggressive behavior of customers and professional efficacy was qualified by 2 significant interactions with 2 conflict management behavior styles: forcing and avoiding. The interactions showed that too much forcing as well as too much avoiding are related to less professional efficacy for drivers confronted with aggressive behavior. Passenger complaints were only related to less professional efficacy. The customer-friendliness of the drivers was related to less cynicism and more professional efficacy. Absenteeism was only related to exhaustion.     

企业人事培训的理论化问题

企业管理中人员培训的重要性已被企业及学者普遍认同。但目前国内企业的培训往往仅停留在描述和经验性水平。培训方法的科学化应该通过培训方法的研究来解决。培训方法研究的基本思路可概括为心理特质的界定\测量方法的操作化以及训练程序的合理化等。     

Peer-Enhanced Weight Management Treatment for Overweight Adolescents: Some Preliminary Findings

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of adding a peer-based intervention (peer-based skills training [PBST]) to a traditional cognitive–behavioral weight management intervention for overweight adolescents. Sixteen adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years and between 30 and 80$percnt; overweight participated in a 16-week group-based weight management program with the addition of peer-based skills training. Adolescents and parents separately attended 60-min group sessions addressing diet, physical activity, and behavior modification techniques. In addition, adolescents attended a 90-min PBST session each week. Group activities included both mental and physical challenges that fostered development of trust, social skills, and self-confidence. Measures of height and weight, as well as questionnaires assessing self-concept, physical self-worth, and social functioning, were obtained prior to treatment, immediately following the 16-week intervention, and 6 months after completion of active treatment. Paired t tests revealed significant improvements over time in measures of physical self-worth, physical appearance and romantic appeal. Adolescents lost an average of 14.73 pounds from the start to end of treatment, and this was maintained at 6-month follow-up. These preliminary findings provide some support for the application of a novel peer-based program as an adjunctive treatment for adolescent weight management intervention.     

研究生思想教育工作中存在的问题和对策

结合医学研究生特点,分析当前思想教育管理工作中存在的问题,并从提高思想认识、完善管理模式、健全运行机制三个方面探讨解决问题的对策.     

哮喘防控模式的几点思考

简单介绍了在支气管哮喘患者教育和管理工作中的若干体会。结果表明,我们所采取的哮喘教育管理体系(包括哮喘患者门诊、哮喘患者协会和哮喘宣教中心)是一种先进的医疗服务模式,不仅可以有效地改善医患关系,还可以显著提高哮喘患者对哮喘认知水平和防治疾病的依从性,提高哮喘控制水平、生命质量,减少非预约门诊、急诊、住院次数,降低医疗费用。     

生命科学研究与创新思维--我国生命科学研究现状与思考

分析总结了我国现代生命科学研究中存在的一些问题,如重复性研究,文献复习不够,文章中数据较少,一稿多投等,并分析了出现这些问题的原因:科研经费严重不足,没有足够的科研时间,缺乏科学的科研机制,急功近利,缺乏公正严格的评价标准和体系等.就这些问题提出来一些应对策略,如改革科研体制,集中统筹安排科研经费,完善科研管理制度,加强创新思维的培养等等.