儿童同伴交往中的攻击行为:文化和性别特征

儿童的攻击行为随年龄的增加而变得多样化,由最初的外部攻击到后来比较隐蔽的社会性攻击,这在一定程度上具有适应意义。但这种适应意义的性质也因使用者的年龄、性别和所处的文化背景而不同。攻击行为与友谊和同伴接纳之间的关系也呈现出文化和性别差异。将来的研究应多从发展的视角探讨个体认知发展过程和认知类型对攻击行为的影响模式。     

工作分析发展动态研究

工作分析是人力资源管理系统的基石,社会和组织环境的变化给工作分析带了巨大挑战。本文首先介绍了传统的工作分析系统;接着对近年来工作分析研究的新进展进行了介绍,包括未来和战略导向的工作分析,工作分析与胜任力特征的结合,工作分析结果的信度研究。同时,讨论了其对传统工作分析的补充,并介绍了其在国内研究中的应用。     

Expanding the link between core self-evaluations and affective job attitudes

The present study examined the differentiated relationship between core self-evaluations and affective job attitudes. In previous research, job characteristics were proposed to mediate this relationship. However, the facets of the job characteristics model have not yet been assessed separately. In the present study we tested which job characteristics (i.e., skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) mediate the relationship between core self-evaluations and job satisfaction as well as organizational commitment in a sample of 199 employees. Results revealed that core self-evaluations were related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Task significance was found to mediate these relationships. These findings are discussed with respect to the level on which people regulate their actions.     

Strategy selection and aging: Impact of item concreteness in paired-associate task

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aging on strategy selection in a paired-associate word task. Twenty-eight younger adults (mean age = 20.68 years) and 28 older adults (mean age = 68.46 years) studied 39 pairs of concrete, middle and abstract words. The concreteness level was manipulated in order to modify the benefit of imagery and sentence strategies in relation to task characteristics. The results showed an age difference in strategy selection in relation to concreteness level. Older adults showed less adaptive strategy selection for the imagery strategy but not for the sentence strategy. Change in strategy selection did not seem to be explained by better efficiency of sentence than imagery, so this study suggests a partial reduction of strategy adaptivity during aging.     

The clocks that time us are not the same: A theory of temporal diversity,task characteristics,and performance in teams

Temporal individual differences are an under-explored, but research-worthy form of diversity in teams. Although persistent differences in how members think about and value time can profoundly influence team performance, the compositional impact of time-based individual differences is regularly overlooked. Optimal or suboptimal team performance can result because the composition of time-based individual differences is matched or unmatched (respectively) to task demands. Therefore, we offer a detailed presentation of how the configuration of four time-based individual differences (time urgency, time perspective, polychronicity, and pacing style) interact with two task typologies (task type and task complexity) to specify when elevation (mean) and diversity (dispersion) of temporal differences is helpful or harmful to team performance.     

Parental Characteristics,Ecological Factors,and the Academic Achievement of African American Males

Parental characteristics, ecological factors, and the academic achievement of African American male high school students were examined. One hundred fifty‐three 11th and 12th grade African American males completed the Parenting Style Index ( Steinberg, Lamborn, Darling, Mounts, & Dornbusch, 1994 ) and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated no significant relationship between parenting styles and enrollment in honors courses. However, the results indicated that fathers’ education level and two‐parent family structures are positive predictors of grade point average (GPA), and fathers’ expectations is a negative predictor of GPA. Implications for counselor practice and research are delineated.     

三阴性乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后回顾性分析

回顾三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)病例,进行临床病理特征对比及预后分析.收集2005年1月至2006年12月在我院经手术治疗,经病理组织学确诊,并可随访到的348例乳腺癌病例资料,研究其临床病理特征,分析预后.结果TNBC多见于50岁以前未绝经女性,肿块＞2cm(72.2％)比例高于非三阴性乳腺癌(non-TNBC) 51.4％ (P＜0.05),复发转移率显著高于non-TNBC (P＜0.05).5年无病生存率(DFS),TNBC 62.8％低于non-TNBC 79.6％(P＜0.05).5年总生存率(OS),TNBC 73.6％低于non-TNBC 89.8％(P＜0.05).三阴性乳腺癌恶性程度高,转移复发率高,预后差,生存率低,其有效治疗方案需进一步研究.     

广西各种意外性急性中毒2330例的特点分析

为了探讨广西意外急性中毒特点,调查分析了63家市、县、乡镇医疗单位的2330便意外性急性中毒病历资料。结果显示农村以男性、36岁～60岁、务农与农药类毒物的病例分布率（依序为：55．19％、42．21％、72．81％、40．21％）明显高于城镇（依序为：45．35％、30．95％、3．50％、3．83％）,城镇以女性、20岁～35岁、务工、无职业、化学类毒物的病例分布率（54．65％、38．11％、35．15％、29．69％、56．56％）显著高于农村（44．81％、25．26％、4．59％、11．26％、21.32％）（均为P〈0．005）。另农村农药类毒物以有机磷（占48．28％）最高,城镇化学类毒物以CO（占89．16％）最高;意外中毒病例数平均每年以13．82％的速度在递增。说明广西意外中毒人群结构与毒物种类在城乡间具有明显差别。     

Motor Learning as a Function of KR Schedule and Characteristics of Task-Intrinsic Feedback

Forty participants (age range = 18–35 years) practiced 1 of 2 versions of an aiming task (with or without spring resistance). Knowledge of results (KR) was provided to them either immediately or after a delay of 2 trials. Immediate KR led to significantly more accurate performance during the 80 trials in acquisition but significantly less accurate performance on a 40-trial retention test given 24 hr after practice. In addition, the spring version of the task was performed significantly less accurately than the no-spring version on the 24-hr retention test. Most important, a significant interaction on the 24-hr retention test revealed that performance of the no-spring version of the task, when KR had been given after a 2-trial delay, was significantly more accurate than performance of the other 3 combinations of task version and KR schedule. The results suggest that KR dependency in motor skill learning is related to familiarity with task-intrinsic feedback in addition to the schedule on which KR is presented.     

Family characteristics and health behaviours of adolescents and families

Abstract

The relationship between general family characteristics, represented by family cohesion and adaptability, and health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, food choice, sleeping, Body Mass Index, and physical activity) is studied in a first study of 429 adolescents and young adults, and in a second study of 522 family triads (adolescent-mother-father). Using cluster analysis, adolescent groups with four different profiles of health behaviour were identified. Very similar results were found in the two studies. The health behaviour patterns in the different subgroups show that forms of (un)desirable health behaviours are interrelated in some clusters. Adolescents in the most healthy clusters, consistently reported highest levels of family cohesion. The relationship between family adaptability and health behaviours showed only limited significance. In families characterised by a high level of emotional bonding between family members together with stability and regularity in roles rules and power structure, adolescents' behaviour is the most healthy. The findings suggest that parental involvement is desirable in health promotion intervention. Further, it seems possible that health behaviours originate from a relatively small set of family Characteristics and that modifying family interactions might be powerful, albeit very difficult to do so, in changing a variety of health behaviours in adolescents.