Self‐reported discipline among Swedish parents of preschool children

Swedish mothers and fathers from 200 volunteer families (target child aged 1–6 years) were asked what they would do in five situations which called for either control or discipline. The Parental Discipline Interview (PDI) was scored for 18 possible responses. Both mothers and fathers reported a variety of discipline strategies. Firm Command and Redefine were reported most often, while Threat and Physical Punishment were reported least often. Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs) showed higher frequencies of Reasoning and Ignore and lower frequencies of Redefine for mothers than for fathers. Regression analyses showed that mothers that had less traditional attitudes and young children predicted the preference of Physical Restraint, as well as Distraction. Ignore was predicted for older, less active children of less educated mothers. Fathers having younger, less active daughters predicted the preference of Redefine. Even if parents do not have Physical Punishment at their disposal following the ‘aga‐law’, the results showed that they have not abdicated their parental authority. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

透视医疗纠纷——辨析医患双方的权利和义务

发生医疗纠纷的一个重要原因是医患双方各自站在自己的立场上,维护自己的权利而产生的争端。由于我国卫生法制的滞后,患者被作为消费者伸张权利逐步成为趋势。但我国的医疗卫生事业的性质决定患者不能与消费者等同。医患双方应在更好的游戏规则下协调关系,减少纠纷。     

Constrained maximum likelihood estimation of two-level covariance structure model via EM type algorithms

In this paper, the constrained maximum likelihood estimation of a two-level covariance structure model with unbalanced designs is considered. The two-level model is reformulated as a single-level model by treating the group level latent random vectors as hypothetical missing-data. Then, the popular EM algorithm is extended to obtain the constrained maximum likelihood estimates. For general nonlinear constraints, the multiplier method is used at theM-step to find the constrained minimum of the conditional expectation. An accelerated EM gradient procedure is derived to handle linear constraints. The empirical performance of the proposed EM type algorithms is illustrated by some artifical and real examples.This research was supported by a Hong Kong UCG Earmarked Grant, CUHK 4026/97H. We are greatly indebted to D.E. Morisky and J.A. Stein for the use of their AIDS data in our example. We also thank the Editor, two anonymous reviewers, W.Y. Poon and H.T. Zhu for constructive suggestions and comments in improving the paper. The assistance of Michael K.H. Leung and Esther L.S. Tam is gratefully acknowledged.     

3～5岁幼儿反事实思维的发展研究

该研究采用结果和前提反事实推理任务,选取58名3-5岁幼儿为被试,考察了其反事实思维能力的发展。结果表明:1.3岁儿童在结果反事实推理中的得分显著低于4岁和5岁儿童,而4岁和5岁儿童的得分并不存在显著差异;2.幼儿的前提反事实推理因结构和方向不同而表现出不同的年龄变化趋势;3.幼儿产生的上行和下行反事实论断之间不存在显著差异。如成人一样,幼儿较少产生减法反事实。     

中小学生的情绪表达方式认知及其与同伴接纳的关系

本研究采用D.Matsumoto等编制的情绪表达规则评估问卷,探讨了237名中小学生情绪表达方式的认知发展,并通过同伴提名法选择了192名同伴关系良好和同伴关系不良的中学生为被试,探讨了情绪表达方式认知与同伴接纳的关系。结果表明:情绪类型与情境类型对中小学生多种情绪表达方式的认知具有主效应;中小学生的情绪表达向更具有社会效益方向发展,对自我和他人情绪表达存在认识分化,并随年龄而增加;同伴关系不良的中学生在情绪表达的认知上存在发展滞后。     

简论惠栋标帜"汉学"的易学特色

论文分"崇尚汉易家法"、"融通汉易师法"、"批评图书易学"种"学术价值与思想意义"四部分,论述了乾嘉著名易学大师惠栋的易学研究。论文指出:一、惠栋研究《周易》,重视汉易的家法,融通汉易师法,提倡复归汉代的象数易学,体现了他对传统易学的继承与超越;二、作为经学大师,惠栋企图借鉴汉代象数易学理论来指导易学研究,既是他诠释易学当代价值的认真尝试,也是他以独特的方式延续了象数易学的生命;三、惠栋梳理汉易各家源流、勾勒其象数学特点,祛除宋儒图书易学中的臆说的流弊,成为清代易学研究的一个成功典范,具有转变当时学风与确立十八世纪经学研究方向的意义。     

糖尿病足诊疗与预防进展

糖尿病足是糖尿病的严重并发症,血管狭窄闭塞、神经病变和感染是主要的临床表现,本文主要从糖尿病足的定义、病因、病理生理、临床表现、检测方法、分级及治疗和预防进展方面进行总结。糖尿病足的诊治是个系统工程,单一的方法难以治愈,且治疗效果欠佳,故我们在临床上以预防为主,早期诊断,早期治疗。     

论医务人员在医疗事故技术鉴定过程中的法律地位

目前,医疗事故技术鉴定过程中忽视了医务人员应有的地位。从法律规定和程序正义、当事人理论等方面明确了医务人员在鉴定中的法律地位。论述了医务人员应当是医疗事故技术鉴定的当事人,其在鉴定中享有当事人的权利和义务,这对保护医务人员的合法权益有着重要意义。     

Reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences

The purpose of the current study was to elaborate the nomological net surrounding the constructs of reactive (RA) and proactive aggression (PA). Typically examined in the context of children, the current study utilized a sample of 211 young adults to examine the relations between reactive and proactive aggression and measures of general personality and social information processing, as well as maladaptive behavioral correlates such as crime, substance use, and riskier sex. Both raw and residualized scores were examined. Using raw scores, the primary differences between RA and PA were related to Neuroticism (i.e., RA more strongly related) and externalizing behaviors (i.e., PA more strongly). The authors comment on the similarity of findings when using raw scores and the divergence of findings using residualized scores and argue for a cautious interpretation of differences based on residualized scores. The authors conclude that the role of Neuroticism warrants further exploration as a means for understanding the heterogeneity of aggressive behavior.     

Study on the relations between temperament,aggression, and anger in children

The present work analyzes the relationships between the dimensions of temperament and the exteriorized emotions of aggression and anger. Temperament was assessed by mothers using the Dimensions of Temperament Survey‐Revised, while aggression and anger were self‐reported by the children using the Scale of physical and Verbal Aggression and the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children. The sample studied was made up of 293 children (49.83% boys; 50.17% girls) with a mean age of 11.13 years. The results showed that temperamental difficulties give rise to exteriorized emotions, especially anger. Predictive values of temperament on aggression and anger ranged from 1% to 7% of explained variance. Aggr. Behav. 32:207–215, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.