El aprendizaje «preparado» de miedo en humanos

Resumen

Se revisan las investigaciones llevadas a cabo durante los últimos diez años sobre a) la selectividad, b) aprendizaje en un ensayo, c) resistencia a la extinción, d) irracionalidad, e) aprendizaje simbólico y f) carácter filogenético vs. ontogenético del condicionamient.o «preparado» de miedo en humanos. En rasgos generales, se concluye que, salvo por lo que respecta a la mayor resistencia a la extinción de las respuestas autonómicas condicionadas a los «estímulos relevantes de miedo», no parecen haberse establecido diferencias claras entre el condicionamiento «preparado» y el condicionamiento «no-preparado» de miedo.     

Manipulación de objetos y comunicación en crías gorila cautivas. Nuevos comentarios para un debate inacabable

RESUMEN

Es este un artículo que trata de dar una réplica a uno anterior de J. C. Gómez, sobre la comunicación en gorilas que analizaba de forma crítica un trabajo del autor del presente artículo. Para esta réplica, se recogen los puntos claves del debate, como son: a) la manipulación de objetos en gorilas en particular, y los primates en general, b) la comunicación de los pequeños gorilas con humanos y c) la intersubjetividad secundaria en gorilas. Al final del trabajo se reflexiona sobre el futuro de la investigación de la conducta en primates antropoides a la vista de las divergencias que se han presentado en los diversos estudios con gorilas.     

L'intervention des explications causales internes en termes d'effort dans les stratégies d'autoprésentation et le jugement social : perspectives sociocognitives

This article pursues two aims. The first one is to propose an extension of the theory of the social norm of internality by studying the value of various types of internal and external causal explanations of reinforcements. A first study shows that students (n = 155) choose more effort-based explanations to explain spontaneously a success or a failure to an exam. A second study, realized with students placed in judge's position (n = 80), reveals that effort-based explanations are more appreciated than others explanations, regardless of the event desirability. The second aim of this article is to show that attributional approach and the theory of the social norm of internality are based on different definitions of social judgment and concern different psychological phenomena. A third study realized with students (n = 63) placed in judge's position shows that the effect of the type of explanations for explaining a success or a failure varies according to the nature of the judgment (approval/punishment, probability of success, competence and motivation).     

Effect of parent responsiveness on young athletes’ self-perceptions and thriving: An exploratory study in a Belgian French-Community

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of parental responsive support (observed) and perceived parental responsive support on athletes’ self-perceptions and thriving.MethodsForty-one French-speaking Belgian individual sport athletes aged 12–15 years (M = 13.13, SD = 0.90) and one of their parent’s spent 10 min discussing three important athletes’ sport-related goals for the next season. The discussion was video-taped and coded to identify parents’ responsive support behaviors. After the discussion, athletes responded to a series of questionnaires measuring perceived parental responsiveness, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and thriving indicators (i.e., positive affect, vitality, life satisfaction, and health quality).ResultsThe results show that observed and perceived parental responsive support contributed to athletes’ proximal perceptions of self-efficacy. Both parental observed responsive support and athletes’ perceived parental responsiveness, mediated by athletes’ self-efficacy, were positively related to athlete’s self-esteem. Further, athletes’ perceived parental responsiveness was positively related with thriving while mediated in series by self-efficacy and self-esteem.ConclusionOverall, it appears that parents’ responsive support (observed) and athletes’ perception of responsive support are associated with positive self-perceptions and optimal wellbeing in young athletes. This study demonstrates that parents can provide responsive support to their children in the sport context. These results add further weight to suggestions that sport organizations should actively include, rather than exclude, parents in their processes.