文化演化的认知视角——从个体社会学习出发探究文化动态性

文化演化是多学科共同关心的文化研究主题。文化演化的认知视角是心理学家切入该研究主题的一种方式, 它着眼于社会文化环境中的个体认知, 研究个体在社会学习过程中对文化信息的加工、改变、记忆与提取。文化演化的认知视角借用达尔文生物演化理论, 涉及文化传承、创新、选择三个子领域, 提出了文化演化的三原则: 遗传、变异、选择。文化传承的路径包括模仿和教导, 类型分为工具性与习俗性文化传承; 文化创新具有层次性, 人类特有的累积性文化演化建立在文化创新的基础之上, 体现了文化创新的代际传递; 基于行为生态学和人类认知机制的文化选择造成了文化信息的差异化适应。未来研究可以从研究概念、研究思路、研究方法三方面推进认知视角下的文化演化研究, 探索更高层次的文化创新, 扩展文化演化的前因变量, 结合新技术加深对文化演化的理解; 发挥文化演化对文化心理学研究的助推作用, 研究文化混搭、个性心理特征对文化演化的影响。     

The Executive Functions and Self-Regulation: An Evolutionary Neuropsychological Perspective

Neuropsychology Review - Neuropsychology has customarily taken a molecular and myopic view of executive functioning, concentrating largely on those proximal processes of which it may be comprised....     

Science and Scientism in Huston Smith's Why Religion Matters

Huston Smith is justifiably critical of scientism, the belief that science is the only reliable path to truth. He holds that scientism and the materialism that accompanies it have led to a widespread denial of the transcendence expressed in traditional religious world-views. He argues that evolutionary theory should be seen as a product of scientism rather than of scientific evidence, citing authors who claim that the fossil record does not support the idea of continuous descent with modification from earlier life forms. I suggest that he has underestimated the cumulative weight of evidence from many independent fields of science supporting neo-Darwinism. I argue that methodological (but not philosophical) naturalism is a basic assumption of scientific inquiry. Proponents of intelligent design assume a fixed plan or blueprint, which is compatible with Smith's understanding of God's timeless vision. By contrast, almost all biologists and many theologians today envisage a dynamic and open-ended process rather than the realization of the unchanging forms in a preexisting plan.     

Acquisition of auditory–visual intermodal matching-to-sample by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): comparison with visual–visual intramodal matching

A chimpanzee acquired an auditory–visual intermodal matching-to-sample (AVMTS) task, in which, following the presentation of a sample sound, the subject had to select from two alternatives a photograph that corresponded to the sample. The acquired AVMTS performance might shed light on chimpanzee intermodal cognition, which is one of the least understood aspects in chimpanzee cognition. The first aim of this paper was to describe the training process of the task. The second aim was to describe through a series of experiments the features of the chimpanzee AVMTS performance in comparison with results obtained in a visual intramodal matching task, in which a visual stimulus alone served as the sample. The results show that the acquisition of AVMTS was facilitated by the alternation of auditory presentation and audio-visual presentation (i.e., the sample sound together with a visual presentation of the object producing the particular sample sound). Once AVMTS performance was established for the limited number of stimulus sets, the subject showed rapid transfer of the performance to novel sets. However, the subject showed a steep decay of matching performance as a function of the delay interval between the sample and the choice alternative presentations when the sound alone, but not the visual stimulus alone, served as the sample. This might suggest a cognitive limitation for the chimpanzee in auditory-related tasks. Accepted after revision: 11 September 2001 Electronic Publication     

从进化观点看应激对健康的影响

从进化的观点解释了不同生物体应对应激的不同行为策略及其生理基础,和由此引起的对不同应激性疾病易感性的差异。行为策略和生理基础的差异使得一定环境条件下引发的应激反应对不同个体产生了不同的非稳态获益和代价（非稳态负荷)。非稳态的获益和代价影响了健康和疾病间的平衡：攻击性个体由于非稳态调质失调,更可能出现冲动控制障碍、高血压、自身免疫性疾病、慢性疲劳状态等;反之,非攻击性个体由于非稳调质过度释放,更易发生焦虑障碍、抑郁症、代谢综合症等     

From Nonhuman to Human Mind: What Changed and Why?

ABSTRACT— Two questions regarding the human mind challenge evolutionary theory: (a) What features of human psychology have changed since humans' lineage split from that of the other apes such as chimpanzees and bonobos? And (b) what was the process by which such derived psychological features evolved (e.g., what were the selection pressures)? I review some of the latest research on chimpanzee and canine psychology that allows inferences to be made regarding these questions.     

试论进化论思想对近代中西医论争的影响

进化论在近代中国得到广泛传播后,对东西方文化的评判产生重要影响,作为当时中西文化论争一部分的中西医论争自不可避免。进化论思想使中医得到“落后”的价值评价,在现实中给予了批判中医论者政治上的正当性,并成为他们废止中医的思想来源之一;同时,由于被评价为“落后、迷信、不科学”,中医表达自身的话语权也逐渐发生了转移,造成了中医的“失语”。     

生命进化动力之哲学思考

对生命进化的本质问题作了新的哲学思考,提出进化的本质是物种在生存的驱动下生存效率的优化过程,是原始细胞自主性与环境选择的双向过程。同时提出推动物种进化的动力在于生存资源稀缺性与物种自私性之间的矛盾和多细胞物种效率优化过程中自身的局部利益与整体利益之间的矛盾。     

On the emergence of modern humans

The emergence of modern humans with their extraordinary cognitive capacities is ascribed to a novel type of cognitive computational process (sustained non-routine multi-level operations) required for abstract projectuality, held to be the common denominator of the cognitive capacities specific to modern humans. A brain operation (latching) that allows this novel computational process is proposed as well as a physics-inspired mechanism that could explain its rather recent emergence without invoking unlikely genetic or structural changes.