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991.
Mariela Aguilera 《Philosophical Psychology》2016,29(3):349-364
It is often assumed that the capability to make inferences requires language. Against this assumption, I claim that inferential abilities do not necessarily require a language. On the contrary, certain cartographic systems could be used to explain some forms of inferences, and they are capable of warranting rational relations between contents they represent. By arguing that certain maps, as well as sentences, are adequate for inferential processes, I do not mean to neglect that there are important differences between maps and sentences. Instead, the purpose of this paper is to highlight interesting distinctions that might affect the way that cartographic thinking works. 相似文献
992.
993.
Augustine Osman Francisco X. Barrios Diane Haupt Kimberly King Joylene R. Osman Stacey Slavens 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1996,18(1):35-47
The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) has been developed to assess specific symptoms of social phobia and agoraphobia. Although the SPAI was developed with both clinical and nonclinical populations, research with this measure is currently focused primarily on clinical samples. We examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the SPAI in adult community and college undergraduate samples. We found that single-sample and multisample confirmatory factor analyses provided support for extending use of the correlated two-factor SPAI subscales to our nonclinical samples. In addition, we found evidence for the internal consistency reliability of the SPAI subscales in both samples. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
994.
Argumentative Text as Rhetorical Structure: An Application of Rhetorical Structure Theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Azar 《Argumentation》1999,13(1):97-114
Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), as a tool for analyzing written texts, is particularly appropriate for analyzing argumentative texts. The distinction that RST makes between the part of a text that realizes the primary goal of the writer, termed nucleus, and the part that provides supplementary material, termed satellite, is crucial for the analysis of argumentative texts.The paper commences by determining the concept of argument relation (argument + conclusion) and by briefly presenting RST. It continues by identifying five of RST's rhetorical relations of the satellite/nucleus schema (Evidence, Motivation, Justify, Antithesis, Concession) as five argument relations, each being, logically or pragmatically, a special kind of argument: Evidence being a supportive argument, Motivation an incentive argument, Justify a justifier argument, and Antithesis and Concession persuader arguments. To illustrate, an analysis of three short texts concludes the paper. 相似文献
995.
目标倾向的理论研究述评 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文系统地回顾了目标倾向及其理论结构的研究,当代流行的成就动机观点认为,在成就目标上,个体的目标倾向可以分为学习目标倾向和统政目标价向。学习目标倾向的特征是寻求挑战,掌握新知识,面对失败时会付出更大的努力必政目标价向的特征是寻求良好的能力评价,避免不良的能力评价,回避挑战,遇到障碍、失败时绩效下降。目前多数研究认为,学习目标倾向和绩效目标倾向是相互独立的结构,而非同一结构的两极。目标倾向主要属于个体的心理特质,同时也受到环境因素的影响。 相似文献
996.
Lorenz B. Puntel 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(1):101-130
The present article purports to show that the protocol sentence debate, pursued by some leading members of the Vienna Circle
in the mid-1930s, was essentially a controversy over the explanation and the real significance of the concept of truth. It
is further shown that the fundamental issue underlying the discussions about the concept of truth was the relationship between
form and content, as well as between logic/language and the world. R. Carnap was the philosopher who most explicitly and systematically
attempted to come to grips with this problem. It is shown that the form-content distinction pervades the three most important
phases of Carnap's philosophical development: the structuralist (in Der logische Aufbau der Welt), the syntactical and the
semantical. His final semantical stance is essentially determined by the concept of linguistic frameworks. The article purports
to demonstrate that this concept cannot be dispensed with in philosophy, but that Carnap failed to work out its ontological
implications. Finally, the concept of an internal ontology is briefly delineated.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
997.
中小学生语文阅读能力结构的发展特点 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本研究对小学六年级、初中三年级、高中三年级三个年龄切面的学生的阅读能力结构构成进行分析,揭示该能力结构的发统特点。结果表明,语文阅读能力结构随年龄的增长而发生变化。一方面表现为因素的数量逐步增加,另一方面表现为比较复杂、层次较高的因素在整个结构中的相对地位不断增强。研究结果进一步指出,该能力结构因素增加的实现方式不同于西方心理学界所认为的分解模式,而是表现为“接替”模式,亦即通过“基础能力因素”对活动的影响作用为新的因素所接替而实现。 相似文献
998.
Robert J. Deltete 《Zygon》1993,28(4):485-506
Abstract. Although full of talk about God, Stephen Hawking's recent best seller, A Brief History of Time , apparently has little use for the traditional notion of God as cosmic creator. More precisely, Hawking seems to reject the idea that we need appeal, any longer, to the notion of creatio originans (originating creation). The reason is that he has developed, over the last decade, a cosmological model that avoids any beginning to spacetime and the universe, and so eliminates the need for a cosmic beginner. I criticize Hawking's model in this essay, arguing that either it is not intended to be construed realistically or that, if it is, the model is highly implausible. 相似文献
999.
Robert J. Mislevy 《Psychometrika》1991,56(2):177-196
Standard procedures for drawing inferences from complex samples do not apply when the variable of interest cannot be observed directly, but must be inferred from the values of secondary random variables that depend on stochastically. Examples are proficiency variables in item response models and class memberships in latent class models. Rubin's multiple imputation techniques yield approximations of sample statistics that would have been obtained, had been observable, and associated variance estimates that account for uncertainty due to both the sampling of respondents and the latent nature of. The approach is illustrated with data from the National Assessment for Educational Progress.This research was supported by Grant No. NIE-G-83-0011 of the Office for Educational Research and Improvement, Center for Education Statistics, and Contract No. N00014-88-K-0304, R&T 4421552 from the Cognitive Sciences Program, Cognitive and Neural Sciences Division, Office of Naval Research. It does not necessarily reflect the views of either agency. I am grateful to R. Darrell Bock for calling my attention to the applicability of multiple imputation to the assessment setting; to Albert Beaton and Eugene Johnson for enlightening discussions on the topic; and to Henry Braun, Ben King, Debra Kline, Gary Phillips, Paul Rosenbaum, Don Rubin, John Tukey, Ming-Mei Wang, Kentaro Yamamoto, Rebecca Zwick, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts. Example 4 is based on the analysis of the 1984 National Assessment for Educational Progress reading survey, carried out at Educational Testing Service through the tireless efforts of too many people to mention by name, under the direction of Albert Beaton, Director of NAEP Data Analyses. David Freund, Bruce Kaplan, and Jennifer Nelson conducted additional analyses of the 1984 and 1988 data for the example. 相似文献
1000.
Several algorithms for covariance structure analysis are considered in addition to the Fletcher-Powell algorithm. These include the Gauss-Newton, Newton-Raphson, Fisher Scoring, and Fletcher-Reeves algorithms. Two methods of estimation are considered, maximum likelihood and weighted least squares. It is shown that the Gauss-Newton algorithm which in standard form produces weighted least squares estimates can, in iteratively reweighted form, produce maximum likelihood estimates as well. Previously unavailable standard error estimates to be used in conjunction with the Fletcher-Reeves algorithm are derived. Finally all the algorithms are applied to a number of maximum likelihood and weighted least squares factor analysis problems to compare the estimates and the standard errors produced. The algorithms appear to give satisfactory estimates but there are serious discrepancies in the standard errors. Because it is robust to poor starting values, converges rapidly and conveniently produces consistent standard errors for both maximum likelihood and weighted least squares problems, the Gauss-Newton algorithm represents an attractive alternative for at least some covariance structure analyses.Work by the first author has been supported in part by Grant No. Da01070 from the U. S. Public Health Service. Work by the second author has been supported in part by Grant No. MCS 77-02121 from the National Science Foundation. 相似文献