Putting mood in context: Using smartphones to examine how people feel in different locations

Does personality predict how people feel in different types of situations? The present research addressed this question using data from several thousand individuals who used a mood tracking smartphone application for several weeks. Results from our analyses indicated that people’s momentary affect was linked to their location, and provided preliminary evidence that the relationship between state affect and location might be moderated by personality. The results highlight the importance of looking at person-situation relationships at both the trait- and state-levels and also demonstrate how smartphones can be used to collect person and situation information as people go about their everyday lives.     

初中生亲子信任的结构与测量

首先对初中生和家长进行访谈,随后设计三份问卷,先后调查了心理学研究生、初中生及其家长对亲子信任的理解。在此基础上编制了适合中国文化背景的初中生亲子信任问卷。初测回收到184份子女信任问卷和169份父母信任问卷,以此为依据进行了探索性因素分析和项目修订。再测回收到495份子女信任问卷,336份父亲信任问卷和358份母亲信任问卷。根据探索性因素分析结果,子女信任包含可依赖性、分享心事和诚实守信三个因素,父亲信任包含诚实守纪、自立、自制和尊重隐私四个因素,母亲信任则包含诚实守纪、自立、自制、怀疑性和尊重隐私五个因素。验证性因素分析证实了亲子信任问卷的构想效度,内部一致性分析与相关分析结果也表明,亲子信任问卷具有较好的信度与效标关联效度。     

Dispositional traits and internal migration: Personality as a predictor of migration in Australia

This study analyses a large longitudinal panel dataset (HILDA, or the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia) to assess the extent to which personality traits predict four constructs pertaining to the migration decision: intention to migrate, certainty around intention, migration outcomes, and the strength of association between migration intention and subsequent migration outcomes. Results show small but significant effects of Extraversion and Openness on both migration and intention to migrate. Openness negatively predicted certainty around intention, and Conscientiousness related to the extent to which migration intentions align with outcomes for those who did migrate, while Extraversion predicted migration events among those without a prior intention to migrate.     

Changing institutional incentives to foster sound scientific practices: One department

Replicable research and open science are of value to our field and to society at large, but most universities provide no incentives to adopt these practices. Instead, current incentive structures favor novel research, which has led to a situation in which few researchers take the time to do replications, share protocols, or share data. Obviously, several approaches to remedy this situation are possible. However, little progress can be made if becoming involved in such activities reduces a researcher’s chances of rank and status advancement and other rewards. I describe in this article the way my department has modified our incentive structure to tackle this problem, including how the changes influence my research as a developmental psychologist. Finally, I offer suggestions for faculty who wish to initiate similar changes in their institutions.     

The Role of Negative Information in Distributional Semantic Learning

Distributional models of semantics learn word meanings from contextual co‐occurrence patterns across a large sample of natural language. Early models, such as LSA and HAL (Landauer & Dumais, 1997; Lund & Burgess, 1996), counted co‐occurrence events; later models, such as BEAGLE (Jones & Mewhort, 2007), replaced counting co‐occurrences with vector accumulation. All of these models learned from positive information only: Words that occur together within a context become related to each other. A recent class of distributional models, referred to as neural embedding models, are based on a prediction process embedded in the functioning of a neural network: Such models predict words that should surround a target word in a given context (e.g., word2vec; Mikolov, Sutskever, Chen, Corrado, & Dean, 2013). An error signal derived from the prediction is used to update each word's representation via backpropagation. However, another key difference in predictive models is their use of negative information in addition to positive information to develop a semantic representation. The models use negative examples to predict words that should not surround a word in a given context. As before, an error signal derived from the prediction prompts an update of the word's representation, a procedure referred to as negative sampling. Standard uses of word2vec recommend a greater or equal ratio of negative to positive sampling. The use of negative information in developing a representation of semantic information is often thought to be intimately associated with word2vec's prediction process. We assess the role of negative information in developing a semantic representation and show that its power does not reflect the use of a prediction mechanism. Finally, we show how negative information can be efficiently integrated into classic count‐based semantic models using parameter‐free analytical transformations.     

论医疗卫生保健服务体系的合理结构——兼评医疗联合体

公共卫生、医院和初级卫生保健的三重结构,是当代医疗卫生服务系统结构的合理选择。三重服务体系相互配合,各司其职,为广大公众提供疫情管控、患病人群的诊治、居民健康管理与健康促进全方位的服务;初级卫生保健和其他各方面一起,担负着从源头上控制慢性病的发生与发展,实现健康国家、健康城市、健康社区的重任,处于基础和核心地位,也是从根本上解决看病难和看病贵的关键。医联体必须从健康中国和医疗卫生服务体系基本部署的大局出发做根本性的调整,强化初级卫生保健的基础和核心地位,不仅重视提升初级卫生保健的医疗功能,更要重视健康促进和健康管理的功能,将医联体建设成为防治并重、预防优先的医疗卫生保健联合体。     

死亡意识的恐惧管理和悲伤管理

基于悲伤情绪的功能及效应,提出死亡意识的“悲伤管理假设”。实验1采用电生理、微表情、主观报告等方法探索死亡意识伴随的情绪变化;实验2和实验3对比死亡意识的“悲伤管理”和“恐惧管理”,并探索情绪的中介作用。结果发现：死亡意识诱发悲伤和恐惧(尤其是悲伤),且死亡反思诱发更多的悲伤;恐惧在死亡意识与外在人生目标间起中介作用;悲伤(而非恐惧)背景音乐下,死亡意识使个体更重视内在人生目标。上述结果为死亡意识的“悲伤管理”提供了实证依据,表明在悲伤的情绪中加工死亡意识可能促进个体的内在成长,这对疫情等社会灾难时期的心理救援具有启示意义。     

Mapping explicit social motives of achievement,power, and affiliation onto the five‐factor model of personality

Engeser, S. & Langens, T. (2010). Mapping explicit social motives of achievement, power, and affiliation onto the five‐factor model of personality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Previous research has shown that explicit motives are meaningfully related to the five‐factor model of personality. The present study extends this research by using different measures of the explicit social motives of achievement, power and affiliation, and by employing measures of both approach and avoidance of these motives. Correlational and factor analyses demonstrated that explicit motives of achievement, power, and affiliation, both approach and avoidance components of these motives, can be consistently mapped onto personality trait measures of the five‐factor model. Implications of this general finding, along with some exceptions, are discussed with regard to further research.     

小学教师课堂教学能力构成的研究

采用实验与心理测验法,探讨知识结构、教学效能感、教学监控力和基本心理能力在小学教师课堂教学能力形成与发展中的作用,并通过验证性因素分析的方法,建构了教师课堂教学能力的验证性因素分析模型。结果表明;知识结构、教学效能感和教学监控力在小学教师课堂教学能力中起着重要作用;基本心理能力主要受年龄发展的影响,对教师课堂教学能力的作用不显著。