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151.
Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh 《Synthese》2009,167(2):391-408
What is the minimal algebraic structure to reason about information flow? Do we really need the full power of Boolean algebras with co-closure and de Morgan dual operators? How much can we weaken and still be able to reason about multi-agent scenarios in a tidy compositional way? This paper provides some answers. 相似文献
152.
A Psychometric Review of Measures of Irrational Beliefs: Implications for Psychotherapy 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Mark D. Terjesen Jennifer Salhany Mark J. Sciutto 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2009,27(2):83-96
In this study, measures of irrational beliefs based on the principles of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) were reviewed
and contrasted based on psychometric characteristics and quality of guidelines for interpretation. The use of measures of
irrational beliefs is an important component of the assessment of presenting problems in psychotherapy and may inform clinical
decision making. Additionally, these measures are a helpful way to identify change in irrational beliefs and to measure the
effectiveness of specific interventions to facilitate such change. While there are a number of measures of beliefs, there
is considerable variability in their psychometric properties and utility for assessment. The majority of the tests are not
produced by a publishing company, nor do they provide test manuals. The reliability and validity evidence presented in the
publications varies considerably as do the size and quality of standardization samples, which impacts upon the ability to
draw normative conclusions. Analyses demonstrated that most measures of irrational beliefs do not provide the evidence needed
to adequately address the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (Standards; American Educational Research Association
[AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME] 1999). Discussion of the implications of this review for the development of future measures of irrational thinking by researchers
as well as recommendations in the test selection process for an REBT practitioner is offered. 相似文献
153.
154.
Philosophers have long speculated that authoritarianism and belief in determinism are functionally related. To evaluate this hypothesis, we assessed whether authoritarianism and allied personality and political variables predict varieties of belief in determinism in three community samples (N1 = 566 to 20,010; N2 = 500; N3 = 419). Authoritarianism and allied variables manifested moderate to large positive correlations with both fatalistic and genetic determinism beliefs. Controlling for political conservatism did not meaningfully attenuate these relations. Further, openness was negatively related to fatalistic determinism beliefs and agreeableness was negatively related to genetic determinism beliefs. Taken together, our findings clarify the nature of relations between authoritarianism and general personality, on the one hand, and free will/determinism beliefs, on the other, and suggest intriguing intersections between worldviews and personality traits. 相似文献
155.
We examine two competing effects of beliefs on conditional inferences. The suppression effect occurs for conditionals, for example, “if she watered the plants they bloomed,” when beliefs about additional background conditions, for example, “if the sun shone they bloomed” decrease the frequency of inferences such as modus tollens (from “the plants did not bloom” to “therefore she did not water them”). In contrast, the counterfactual elevation effect occurs for counterfactual conditionals, for example, “if she had watered the plants they would have bloomed,” when beliefs about the known or presupposed facts, “she did not water the plants and they did not bloom” increase the frequency of inferences such as modus tollens. We report six experiments that show that beliefs about additional conditions take precedence over beliefs about presupposed facts for counterfactuals. The modus tollens inference is suppressed for counterfactuals that contain additional conditions (Experiments 1a and 1b). The denial of the antecedent inference (from “she did not water the plants” to “therefore they did not bloom”) is suppressed for counterfactuals that contain alternatives (Experiments 2a and 2b). We report a new “switched-suppression” effect for conditionals with negated components, for example, “if she had not watered the plants they would not have bloomed”: modus tollens is suppressed by alternatives and denial of the antecedent by additional conditions, rather than vice versa (Experiments 3a and 3b). We discuss the implications of the results for alternative theories of conditional reasoning. 相似文献
156.
Mikel Burley 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2008,64(3):141-153
This article addresses some issues concerning the relation between religious beliefs and the fruits of those beliefs, where
‘fruits’ implies certain relevant forms of behaviour and affective attitudes. My primary aim is to elucidate the dispute between
D. Z. Phillips and theological realists, emphasizing the extent to which this dispute is symptomatic of a deeper disagreement
over how words acquire their meanings. In the course of doing so, I highlight an important difference between two alternative
realist claims, exemplified by Trigg and Hick respectively, and draw attention to an infelicity in Phillips’ way of presenting
his case. 相似文献
157.
刘瑞爽 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(1):23-24,79
因为关系到基本人权,脑死亡立法应当由全国人民代表大会立法通过。制定科学的脑死亡标准和严谨的脑死亡判定程序是保障其接近正义的必需。在脑死亡判定方面应充分地保障患者生命权、自主选择权,尊重患者以及家属的知情同意权,保障患者的基本权利是脑死亡立法的核心所在。器官移植不是脑死亡立法的理由。 相似文献
158.
Geoffrey L. Thorpe Elaine McMillan Sandra T. Sigmon Lindsay R. Owings Rachel Dawson Pamela Bouman 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(3):175-189
Assessment of irrational beliefs by such measures as the Common Beliefs Survey III (CBS) has traditionally relied upon classical
test theory assumptions, in which the properties of specific test items are less important than the total test score as the
aggregate of all item responses. An alternative approach using item response theory (IRT) methodology allows one to specify
the parameters of difficulty and discrimination for each test item. Difficulty levels of CBS items range along a continuum of irrationality, the implied latent trait measured by responses to the questionnaire as a whole. We evaluated the CBS responses of 605 individuals
from clinical and college settings, drawing from current and archival data. The original Likert scale ratings were recoded
into dichotomous scores. Fourteen of the 54 items were highly or very highly discriminating in distinguishing respondents
with high and low irrationality levels. However, discriminating items exhibited a very narrow range of difficulty; most functioned
at a point a little above the halfway mark on the continuum of irrationality. Item characteristic curves and test information
curves were very similar for female (n = 424) and male (n = 179) respondents. We derived a 4-item screening test for irrationality from our IRT analyses of the 54 CBS items. Further
test development, focused on the selection and scaling of items with a much broader range of difficulty, would facilitate
evaluation of the hierarchical structure of irrational beliefs.
Portions of this paper were presented at the 39th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies,
Washington, DC, November, 2005. 相似文献
159.
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(4):411-430
In my companion article on the making of the reliably religious boy (D. Capps, 2006c) I presented my argument that, whereas
the younger boy of three to five is becoming religious as a result of his emotional separation from his mother, the early
adolescent boy (age 11–14) has become reliably religious in that he has developed a religious habit of mind, a habit reflected in his embrace of the religions of honor
and hope. I presented myself as a case study in this regard. I noted, however, that there is a third form of religion, that
of humor, and that it relativizes—and thereby preserves—the religions of honor and hope. I also noted that religion and spirituality
are capable of being differentiated. I suggested that my own spirituality took the form of rebellion and that this spirit
of rebellion fueled and was fueled by the religion of humor. Employing Freud’s writings on humor, I explain in this article
how this works. 相似文献
160.
In order to delineate among conceptions of the self, soul, and mind, participants reported where they believe these entities are located in the body and provided definitions of each entity. Results indicated that most people consider the self, soul, and mind localized in specific regions in the body. In contrast to previous research, however, some participants reported that the self is not centralized in one location. Participants tended to locate the self and mind in the head and the soul in the chest. The self and mind were commonly defined in mental terms and the soul as one’s essence. These results suggest that people tend to distinguish the soul from the mind, both in how they define each entity and where they locate them in the body. Although some people locate the soul in the same region as the self, most people more closely align the mind with the self. 相似文献