Kelley's formula as a basis for the assessment of reliable change

In the literature on the measurement of change,reliable change is usually determined by means of a confidence interval around an observed value of a statistic that estimates thetrue change. In recent literature on the efficacy of psychotherapies, attention has been particularly directed at the improvement of the estimation of the true change. Reliable Change Indices, incorporating thereliability-weighted measure of individual change, also known as Kelley's formula, have been proposed. According to current practice, these indices are defined as the ratio of such an estimator and an intuitively appealing criterion and then regarded as standard normally distributed statistics. However, because the authors fail to adopt an adequate standard error of the estimator, the statistical properties of their indices are unclear. In this article, it is shown that this can lead to paradoxical conclusions. The adjusted standard error is derived.     

How subtyping shapes perception: Predictable exceptions to the rule reduce attention to stereotype-associated dimensions

Two experiments examined the relation between stereotype disconfirmation and attentional processes. Using an instrumental learning-paradigm, we successfully simulated stereotype acquisition and the subsequent subtyping of disconfirming exemplars. While replicating established markers of subtyping, the present research demonstrates a hitherto neglected cognitive consequence of subtyping: Predictable stereotype disconfirmation increased attention to features that facilitated discriminating between confirming and disconfirming exemplars, and reduced attention to features associated with the original stereotype. These effects were not observed when stereotype disconfirmation was not easily predictable and, hence, subtyping proved difficult. The discussion focuses on implications for research on subtyping and stereotype change.     

Behavioral assessment of public-speaking anxiety using a modified version of the Social Performance Rating Scale

The current study aimed to extend the evaluation of the utility of the Social Performance Rating Scale (SPRS) [Behav. Res. Ther. 36 (1998) 995]. We examined the utility of a modified SPRS for the behavioral assessment of public-speaking anxiety among patients with social phobia (n = 49). The videotaped performance of public-speaking fearful patients in a public-speaking task was rated using four of the five SPRS ratings and was compared to global ratings by patients and observers, as well as to self-report and clinician-administered measures of social anxiety. The pattern of correlations with criterion measures of social anxiety provided evidence for the convergent and divergent validity of this modified SPRS for the behavioral assessment of public-speaking anxiety.     

Narrative innovation in life design counseling: The case of Ryan

The main aim of this research is to study the patterns of narrative change in a case of life design counseling (LDC). The innovative moments coding system (IMCS) was used to conduct an intensive analysis of the career counseling sessions. This coding system is grounded in a narrative conception of the self, and suggests that narrative change results from the elaboration and development of narrative exceptions to a client's core problematic self-narrative. The results supports the adequacy of the IMCS to the study of change in career counseling and reveal that the intervention promotes a pattern of change characterized by three types of innovative moments: action, reflection, and protest. The results are discussed taking into account their implications for career counseling theory, research and practice.     

On Revolutionizing the Theory and Practice of Psychotherapy

The original concepts psychological hurt and therapeutic catharsis are proposed as the basis for a revolutionary change in the theory and practice of psychotherapy. Psychological hurt, understood as any residual interference with psychological functioning from an adverse event(s), is proposed as the irreducible cause of any such difficulty. Therapeutic catharsis is proposed as the optimal healing process for psychological hurt. Such a transformational view of the theory and practice of psychotherapy is deemed as necessary because of the lack of unequivocal answers to the following fundamental questions: What causes psychological problems? What resolves them in the most optimal way?     

The Persistence-Strengthening Effects of DRA: An Illustration of Bidirectional Translational Research

We summarize a series of bidirectional research studies that demonstrate the persistence-strengthening effects of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior on problem behavior. We model a possible solution to this problem with rats followed by replication with a human clinical population. The importance of coordinated basic and applied research to stimulate new behavioral technologies is emphasized.     

多层螺旋CT在不同肝硬化分级评估中的应用

利用多层螺旋CT对不同肝功能分级的52例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者、50例酒精性肝硬化患者及25例正常对照组受试者进行肝脏体积在体测量,并进行kappa检验和方差分析,结果显示多层螺旋CT在体肝脏体积测量具有很好的一致性及可重复性（P〈0．01）;乙型肝炎后肝硬化与酒精性肝硬化患者肝脏体积的总体变化趋势相同,都随着病情的进展逐渐缩小,Child-Pugh分级B级之间的乙肝后肝硬化与酒精性肝硬化组患者的肝脏体积差异达到统计学上显著性水平。     

真菌性角膜炎的早期诊断技术

真菌性角膜炎是危害人类的严重眼科疾病,早期诊断是降低其致盲的关键步骤。概述真菌性角膜炎早期诊断技术的发展简史,分析各种早期诊断技术的优缺点。启示综合运用真菌性角膜炎的早期诊断技术,可提高本病的早期诊断率,改善人类生活质量。     

Protestant Ghosts and Spirits of Capitalism: Ecology,Economy, and the Reformation Tradition

This essay analyzes current Protestant perspectives on the relationship between this tradition and capitalism from the perspective of social and ecological concerns. Rather than deciding between the tradition's purity or culpability in the rise of capitalism, this essay suggests that those concerned with both the future of the tradition and social/eco‐justice must acknowledge both the tradition's congruence with global capitalism and the tradition's prophetic ability to critique and propose alternatives.     

试论西方萨满教研究的变迁

西方萨满教研究大体经历了魔鬼化、骗子化、精神病理学化、普遍化、理想化、多样化等几个发展阶段,文章分析了这几个阶段的主要表现,并对西方萨满教历史研究特点进行了反思。