发明创造问题解决中的原型位置效应

以科学发明创造问题为实验材料,采用“学习-测试”两阶段实验范式,对发明创造问题解决中的原型位置效应进行探讨,结果发现：（1）原型位置主效应显著,后呈现原型成绩显著优于先呈现原型;（2）原型位置效应受创造性倾向影响,随创造性倾向的提高而显著降低;（3）原型位置效应不受启发量影响,但不同创造性个体受高低启发量影响;（4）发明创造问题解决得分与创造性倾向总分相关显著,二者在原型位置效应上表现相同的效应。     

Poly I:C母体免疫刺激诱导的子代精神分裂症神经发育动物模型研究

精神分裂症是一组病因未明的重性精神障碍,其病理生理学机制极其复杂,建立能够确切模拟精神分裂症的动物模型对于其发病机制的研究及抗精神分裂症药物的研发具有十分重要的意义。本文意在介绍产前母体免疫刺激（聚肌胞苷酸聚肌苷酸-聚胞苷酸,poly-I:C）诱导子代出现精神分裂症样的神经发育动物模型,以及该模型对精神分裂症的病因研究、生物学机制及其治疗和药物研发的重要意义。     

双言舌尖现象的产生机制：来自粤语-普通话双言者的证据

舌尖现象(Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon, TOT)是言语产生中的一种常见现象。国外研究发现, 双语者和单语者的舌尖现象差异很大。双言和双语既相似, 又存在差异。以粤语–普通话双言者为被试, 比较了普通话熟练和不熟练的被试在使用不同语言命名时的TOT产生率。结果发现：(1)粤语–普通话双言者的TOT率受普通话熟练程度影响。普通话不熟练的粤语–普通话双言者用普通话命名时产生更高的TOT率。(2)语言启动能够调节粤语–普通话双言者的普通话熟练程度与TOT产生的关系。在语言启动条件下, 普通话熟练的粤语–普通话双言者的TOT率更高。(3)粤语–普通话双言者的TOT产生机制符合部分激活理论的预言。     

Timing matters! The neural signature of intuitive judgments differs according to the way information is presented

One can conceive of intuition as the preliminary perception of coherence. Since this requires holistic perception, it is hypothesized that underlying processing strategies are dependent on the possibility to obtain all relevant information at once. The present study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate neural mechanisms underlying intuitive coherence perception when semantic concepts are presented all together (simultaneously) or one after the other (sequentially). With simultaneous presentation, absolute activation increases in the left OFC when participants recognize coherence. With sequential presentation activation increases in the right OFC when participants conclude that there is no common associate between the words presented. Behavioral performance was similar in the two experiments. These results demonstrate that the way information is revealed over time changes the processing of intuitive coherence perception. We propose that such changes must be taken into account to disentangle the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying different accounts of intuition and related phenomena.     

Relevance theory,pragmatic inference and cognitive architecture

Relevance Theory (RT) argues that human language comprehension processes tend to maximize “relevance,” and postulates that there is a relevance-based procedure that a hearer follows when trying to understand an utterance. Despite being highly influential, RT has been criticized for its failure to explain how speaker-related information, either the speaker’s abilities or her/his preferences, is incorporated into the hearer’s inferential, pragmatic process. An alternative proposal is that speaker-related information gains prominence due to representation of the speaker within higher level goal-directed schemata. Yet the goal-based account is still unable to explain clearly how cross-domain information, for example linguistic meaning and speaker-related knowledge, is integrated within a modular system. On the basis of RT’s cognitive requirements, together with contemporary cognitive theory, we argue that this integration is realized by utilizing working memory and that there exist conversational constraints with which the constructed utterance interpretation should be consistent. We illustrate our arguments with a computational implementation of the proposed processes within a general cognitive architecture.

Abbreviations: ACT-R Adaptive Control of Thought - RationalCOGENT Cognitive Objects within a Graphical ENvironmenTCS/SS Contention Scheduling/Supervisory SystemRBCP Relevance-Based Comprehension ProcedureRT Relevance Theory     

How does parallel language activation affect switch costs during trilingual language comprehension?

ABSTRACT

Declerck, M., Koch, I., Duñabeitia, J., Grainger, J., & Denise, N. [(2019). What absent switch costs and mixing costs during bilingual language comprehension can tell us about language control? Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance.] assumed that the absence of switch costs in bilingual language comprehension may be due to little degree of parallel language activation while substantial degree of it may lead to switch costs. This study tested this assumption by examining the switch costs during Russian-English-Chinese trilinguals’ performing lexical decision tasks in language pairs of L1–L2 in Experiment 1a, L1–L3 in Experiment 1b and L2–L3 in Experiment 1c. We found switch costs in L2 in Experiment 1a and switch costs in both L1 and L3 in Experiment 1b, but no switch costs in both L2 and L3 in Experiment 1c. These results generally provided evidence for the account.     

Urban cyclists’ perspectives on post-collision behaviour change: A qualitative study

This study explores whether urban cyclists change on-road cycling behaviour following a collision(s) with a motor vehicle, an area that has not been explored in quantitative and qualitative transportation research. Purposive sampling was employed and data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 9 males and 9 females from Toronto, Canada. An inductive realist thematic method was used to analyze the data. Overall, three main themes were drawn out: cycling reflexivity, cycling behavioural change and resistance to cycling behavioural change. Eliciting the theme of cycling reflexivity, these findings reveal that all post-collision cyclists actively contemplated behavioural change, and the adoption or resistance toward cycling behavioural change was influenced by intersectional internal and external dispositions emanating from pre-collision cycling behaviours. By adopting general modifications and or defensive cycling practices, in total, 12 cyclists described cycling behavioural change. In contrast, eliciting the resistance toward cycling behavioural change theme, 6 participants indicated that there were no observable modifications in post-collision cycling behaviour. Grounded in the locus of control theory and the health belief model, this study elucidates cycling behavioural change as a psychological and behavioural coping mechanism employed by this particular cohort of cyclists in an effort to mitigate future collisions with motor vehicles. These novel findings set the stage for future research into cyclists’ post-collision experiences grounded in psychological and or behavioural research paradigms.     

Investigating intellect from a trait activation perspective: Identification of situational moderators for the correlation with work-related criteria

We applied trait activation theory to investigate the situational properties that moderate the correlation of intellect, a sub-dimension of the Big Five factor openness to experience, with work-related criteria. We collected data from a sample of 185 employees from diverse organizations and positions. Results from moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed that perceived situational properties at the task level moderated the correlation between intellect and job performance. Additionally, correlations between intellect and organizational commitment were moderated at task and organizational levels. This study shows how trait activation theory can be utilized to investigate the situational properties moderating the correlation of personality variables with external criteria. Implications for applied purposes are discussed.