Development of a Behavioral Activation–Based Intervention for Cigarette-Smoking Young Adults

Quitting smoking during young adulthood can substantially reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality later in life. Depressive symptomatology is prevalent among smokers and increases risk for poor smoking cessation outcomes. However, few integrated behavioral interventions simultaneously target smoking and depressive symptoms and rarely have young smokers been included in the development of these interventions. In this paper we describe an 8-session behavioral activation–based treatment for smoking (BATS; MacPherson et al., 2010) adapted for youth. We conducted a series of focus groups with young adult smokers with depressive symptoms in order to modify treatment manuals to be developmentally appropriate. Subsequently, we completed a small pilot group (n = 5) of the intervention to provide preliminary data on feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes. We provide a case series of the participants in order to provide clinical illustrations of how the modified BATS treatment was implemented among young adults. Most pilot study participants exhibited smoking abstinence and smoking reductions at the end of treatment, as well as improvement in depressive symptoms and maintenance of levels of activation and environmental reward. Participants provided positive qualitative constructive feedback regarding the intervention.     

状态不确定独立否定句的加工机制

采用自定步速阅读方法与图片核证范式(picture verification paradigm)探讨状态不确定独立否定句(如“裙子不是红色的”)的动态表征过程, 包括3个实验。结果发现：(1)在否定加工的初期, 即250 ms间隔时间条件下, 读者表征事件的否定状态; 肯定句已经通达事件的实际状态。(2)在否定加工的中期, 即750 ms间隔时间条件下, 读者仍然表征事件的否定状态, 但已开始对事件的备择选项进行搜索; 肯定句仍然保持对事件实际状态的表征。(3)在否定加工的后期, 即1500 ms间隔时间条件下, 读者表征否定标记与事件的否定状态, 同时完成对备择选项的搜索; 肯定句依旧保持对事件实际状态的表征。据此, 本文提出的锚激活与限制满足模型(anchor-based activation and satisfaction constrained model)得到初步证明。     

一个中枢炎性免疫诱发长时程抑郁样行为的新模型

脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)免疫激活模型是研究抑郁症细胞因子假说的重要动物模型, 目前国际上常用外周单次LPS注射诱发抑郁样行为, 但该模型中抑郁样行为持续仅有数小时。为建立诱发较长时程抑郁样行为的免疫激活动物模型, 本研究尝试侧脑室注射LPS激活大鼠中枢免疫炎性反应, 考察单次以及重复中枢LPS注射诱发抑郁样行为的效果, 以及中枢炎性免疫诱发行为改变的时程。结果显示：单次中枢LPS注射后24 h只能诱发旷场自发活动和探索行为下降等部分抑郁样行为, 未能诱导糖水偏好下降和悬尾不动时间增加; 3次重复注射则在末次LPS注射后24 h表现出显著的糖水偏好下降, 自发活动和探索行为减少, 悬尾不动时间增加等行为。且自发活动、探索行为减少和悬尾不动时间增加能够延续至末次LPS注射后72 h。这些结果表明脑室重复LPS注射可诱发较长时程的抑郁样行为, 这种新的中枢炎性免疫激活诱发的抑郁症模型, 为研究抑郁症炎性免疫机制提供了更为有效的动物模型, 有助于深入探讨行为和免疫功能间的复杂关系。     

视觉长时记忆激活度对促进视觉短时记忆的影响

短时记忆与长时记忆的关系是记忆领域研究的重要内容。基于此, 研究者们就视觉长时记忆是否能促进视觉短时记忆的问题展开了大量研究, 但所得出的结论并不一致。通过不同程度的学习形成不同激活度的视觉长时记忆, 考察对几何图形的视觉长时记忆是否能对变化检测中的短时记忆起到促进作用。结果发现, 低激活水平的视觉长时记忆不能促进视觉短时记忆, 而事先存在且高度激活的视觉长时记忆对视觉短时记忆却具有促进作用; 同时, 随着视觉长时记忆激活水平的提高, 刺激间间隔的效应值也逐渐减小。本研究说明, 视觉长时记忆能否促进视觉短时记忆取决于视觉长时记忆的激活水平, 高激活的视觉长时记忆对阻止视觉短时记忆痕迹的迅速消退具有重要意义。     

品牌来源国刻板印象的双重表现及其改变

研究探讨了品牌来源国刻板印象的双重表现及其改变,结果表明：从外显的层面上看,相对国外品牌,消费者普遍认为国产品牌在质量印象、传播印象上不如国外品牌,在价格印象上比国外品牌好,在服务印象和整体印象上二者无差异;相对国外品牌,消费者对国产品牌具有更为积极的内隐品牌刻板印象;以直接劝说方式激发的民族情感不能改变外显品牌来源国刻板印象,但是以间接劝说方式激发的民族情感可以使消费者对国产综合型产品的外显整体印象更为积极;无论以直接还是间接劝说方式激发的民族情感均不能使消费者对国产品牌产生更强的正向内隐品牌来源国刻板印象;品牌来源国刻板印象的激活并非完全的自动化过程。     

Behavioral inhibition and triallelic genotyping of the serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism

To examine the genetic bases of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral approach system (BAS), we evaluated the association between the BIS, the BAS, and a functional length polymorphism in the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in an unscreened sample of undergraduates (N = 211); analyses were conducted using a two-variant (i.e., biallelic) genotyping and three-variant (i.e., triallelic) genotyping of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. People with one or two copies of the low-expressing alleles reported stronger endorsement of the BIS than people who were homozygous for the high-expressing alleles; this association was found for triallelic but not biallelic genotyping of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. There was no association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the BAS scales.     

时间情景模型提取过程的实质初探:激活与抑制

采用扇效应技术和负启动实验范式探讨时间情景模型提取过程的实质。实验材料为18个"某人在某时间做某事"的句子,结果发现,实验条件下目标句的反应时显著长于控制条件下目标句的反应时,而两种条件下启动句的反应时无显著差异,出现了显著的负启动效应。这表明,在时间情景模型提取过程中,不仅激活了目标情景模型和与之相关的情景模型,而且对同时激活的相关的情景模型进行了抑制,支持长时记忆提取的抑制观。     

害羞与进谏行为的关系:管理开放性与心理授权的调节作用

包括进谏行为在内的角色外行为研究近来广受关注。基于特质激活理论,本研究探索了害羞特质与进谏行为之间的关系,及管理开放性和心理授权对它们的调节作用。以华东地区369名企业员工为样本,采用配对成组的问卷研究,结果表明:管理开放性和心理授权均对害羞与进谏行为之间的关系存在调节效应,即当处于高管理开放性和高心理授权水平时,害羞特质与进谏行为之间的消极关系减弱,而当处于低管理开放性和低心理授权水平时,害羞特质与进谏行为之间的消极关系增强。     

Speed behaviour as a choice between observing and exceeding the speed limit

Despite speed behaviour being defined as a choice between several possible speeds, studies using theory of reasoned action or theory of planned behaviour to predict and understand speed behaviour have focused on exceeding and not on observing the speed limit. This study examines whether the evaluation of exceeding but also of observing the speed limit contributes to improving predictions of self-reported speed behaviour and determining intentions to produce each of these two behavioural options. For a specific driving situation (straight road with 90 km/h speed limit), 238 young male drivers reported the speed at which they would drive at and where asked to assess the theory of planned behaviour key constructs with respect to observing and exceeding the speed limit by at least 20 km/h. Results showed that the amount of explained variance of self-reported speed behaviour, as well as intentions to observe and to exceed the speed limit by at least 20 km/h, increased significantly when the evaluations of the two options were introduced in the same stepwise regression analysis. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.     

Don’t stereotype, think different! Overcoming automatic stereotype activation by mindset priming

Automatic stereotype activation can be overcome intentionally and after an extensive training. However, intentions have to be tailored to a certain social category. It is hypothesized that activating the mindset “think different” by priming creativity prevents stereotypes and associations in general from becoming automatically activated. In two experiments a creative, a thoughtful or no mindset was activated. Afterwards, the activation of associations was measured using a lexical decision task with semantic priming. As predicted, the automatic activation of stereotypes (Study 1) and other associations (Study 2) was found in the control conditions but not in a creative mindset. These results suggest that people possess a mindset that allows for overcoming automatic stereotype activation without being tailored to a specific category.