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101.
《Pratiques Psychologiques》2015,21(2):199-212
We present a study whose aim is to analyse the predictability of behaviors associated with breaches of hygiene rules based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior and implementation of intention. One hundred and fifty nursing students replied to a questionnaire following their theoretical training and then after returning from practical placement during which some were observed in a professional situation. The results highlighted the fact that self-reported behavior was associated with behavior observed in context with regard to the observance of rules governing hand hygiene and the decontamination of surfaces. Self-reported behavior is explained successively by behavioral control, intention and implementation of intention when the latter relates to behavioral reflexivity. These results are discussed from the point of view of nurse training practices. 相似文献
102.
Career-related preferences (e.g., team work, independence, length of training, income), which are an elaboration and extension of vocational interests, are one of the cornerstones that guide individuals to promising occupations recommended for further exploration. These preferences are informative and can serve individuals and their career counselors only if they are reliable and stable. Study 1 tested the two-week reliability of 31 career-related preferences of 213 freshman students and the two-year stability of the preferences of 132 of these students. Both the within-aspect preferred levels (e.g., only indoors most preferred, but mostly indoors also acceptable) and the importance of the aspects were elicited. The median within-participant two-week reliability was .85 for preferred levels and .64 for aspect importance; the median two-year stabilities were .75 and .51, respectively. In Study 2, the preferences elicited in Study 1 were used to derive a list of recommended occupations compatible with each participant's preferences at Time 1, Time 2 (2 weeks later), and Time 3 (2 years later), using a compensatory-model-based fit index. The percentage of identical occupations in the lists of the top ten recommended occupations was quite high — 62% for Time 1 and Time 2, and 54% for Time 1 and Time 3. The theoretical and practical implications of the reliability and stability of recommendations based on aspect-based career preferences are discussed. 相似文献
103.
Jose M. Castillo Robert F. Dedrick Kevin M. Stockslager Amanda L. March Constance V. Hines Sim Yin Tan 《Journal Of Applied School Psychology》2015,31(1):1-30
This article presents information on the development and initial validation of the 16-item Response to Intervention (RTI) Beliefs Scale. The scale is designed to measure the extent to which educators working in schools hold beliefs consistent with the tenets of RTI. The authors administered the instrument to 2,430 educators in 62 elementary schools in the fall of 2007 and 2,443 educators in 68 elementary schools in the spring of 2008. Exploratory, single-level confirmatory, and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis procedures were used to examine construct validity. Results supported a correlated 3-factor model (Academic Abilities and Performance of Students with Disabilities, Data-Based Decision Making, and Functions of Core and Supplemental Instruction) at both the school and educator levels of analysis. Furthermore, the factor scores derived from the model demonstrated significant, positive relations to RTI implementation. Reliability estimates for two of the three factor scores exceeded.70. Implications for research on educator beliefs and implementation of RTI as well as implications for school psychologists supporting RTI implementation are discussed. 相似文献
104.
循证医学实践要求在临床决策中整合最佳临床研究证据、医者经验、患者自身价值取向与所处具体临床情境。使用决策辅助工具进行医患共同决策可作为一种实践模式,有必要了解来自临床一线医务人员的态度。采用多阶段分层抽样方法,于国内11省及3个直辖市共32个城市的51所二级和三级医院发放问卷,探究使用决策辅助工具促进共同决策实施的可能性。对1 212份问卷的分析显示,73.2%的医务人员认可患者是高质量临床决策的参与主体;支持患者获知诊疗决策依据、认同患者决策辅助工具的积极效果与高学历等正相关。 相似文献
105.
当今社会,受消费行为和人权意识的影响,患者愈发渴望参与到医疗决策的过程之中。医患共享决策体现了对患者自主权的尊重,并有助于提高医疗服务品质。然而我国的医患共享决策起步较晚,面对的困难复杂且多样,需要克服来自患方、医方,以及医疗决策过程本身等方面的因素。患者与医生的有效沟通,是提高患者的就医体验,真正实现以患者为中心的使然。在其他国家的实践经验中,决策辅助工具为实现共享决策提供了有益的参考,但现有的决策辅助工具尚不完善,尤其缺乏适合我国国情的决策工具。 相似文献
106.
Humans regularly pursue activities characterized by dramatic success or failure outcomes where, critically, the chances of success depend on the time invested working toward it. How should people allocate time between such make‐or‐break challenges and safe alternatives, where rewards are more predictable (e.g., linear) functions of performance? We present a formal framework for studying time allocation between these two types of activities, and we explore optimal behavior in both one‐shot and dynamic versions of the problem. In the one‐shot version, we illustrate striking discontinuities in the optimal time allocation policy as we gradually change the parameters of the decision‐making problem. In the dynamic version, we formulate the optimal strategy—defined by a giving‐up threshold—which adaptively dictates when people should stop pursuing the make‐or‐break goal. We then show that this strategy is computationally inaccessible for humans, and we explore boundedly rational alternatives. We compare the performance of the optimal model against (a) a myopic giving‐up threshold that is easier to compute, and even simpler heuristic strategies that either (b) only decide whether or not to start pursuing the goal and never give up or (c) consider giving up at a fixed number of control points. Comparing strategies across environments, we investigate the cost and behavioral implications of sidestepping the computational burden of full rationality. 相似文献
107.
A highly popular method for examining the stability of a data clustering is to split the data into two parts, cluster the observations in Part A, assign the objects in Part B to their nearest centroid in Part A, and then independently cluster the Part B objects. One then examines how close the two partitions are (say, by the Rand measure). Another proposal is to split the data into k parts, and see how their centroids cluster. By means of synthetic data analyses, we demonstrate that these approaches fail to identify the appropriate number of clusters, particularly as sample size becomes large and the variables exhibit higher correlations.The authors express their thanks to the Sol C. Snider Entrepreneurial Center, Wharton School, for support of this project. 相似文献
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We report three studies in which methodologies from psychophysics are adapted to investigate context effects on individual financial decision‐making under risk. The aim was to determine how the range and the rank of the options offered as saving amounts and levels of investment risk influence people's decisions about these variables. In the range manipulation, participants were presented with either a full range of choice options or a limited subset, while in the rank manipulation they were presented with a skewed set of feasible options. The results showed that choices are affected by the position of each option in the range and the rank of presented options, which suggests that judgments and choices are relative. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献