A note on temporal relations between language and gestures

The initiation of the spontaneous gestures of Wernicke's aphasics was analyzed in relation to shifts in semantic content between the syntactic boundaries of main clauses and embedded clauses. Gestures proved more likely to arise at the initial boundaries of embedded clauses when these were semantically discontinuous with the main clause than when these were semantically related to the main clause. Spontaneous gestures may signal underlying shifts in semantic intention, thereby reflecting the difficulties encountered by Wernicke's aphasics in maintaining a coherent stream of thought across syntactic boundaries.     

Habituation of subjective anxiety during flooding in imagery

Patterns of habituation of subjective anxiety during flooding in fantasy are delineated for eleven obsessive-compulsive and six agoraphobic patients. The majority showed a curvilinear pattern of subjective anxiety response, while three patients showed a linear decelerating pattern. Habituation was found both within and across sessions. The results are compared with habituation patterns in physiological responses during flooding in fantasy and in vivo.     

Development of strategies for recalling letter sequences

Kindergarten, second-grade, and fourth-grade children (6, 8, and 10 years of age, respectively) were asked to recall letter sequences on a task that required the use of: (a) a verbal strategy; (b) a positional strategy; or (c) either strategy. Additional trials, allowing either strategy, were interspersed among those requiring a verbal or positional strategy; strategy use was determined from performance on these interspersed trials. The results show that children at all grade levels attempted to use a task-appropriate strategy. Performance on the verbal task showed a more marked developmental increase than did performance on the positional task. A second experiment replicated the first with the interspersed trials removed. A third experiment was designed to determine whether letter names interfered with older children's efficient use of a positional strategy. Even with this source of interference removed, the developmental pattern of Experiments 1 and 2 was replicated. There was a Sex by Condition interaction in Experiments 2 and 3 which showed that males do better in the condition requiring a positional strategy, and females do better in the condition requiring a verbal strategy.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中睾酮的变化及其意义

测定65例慢性乙型肝炎患者和35例健康者血清睾酮水平,并分别检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷氨酸氨基转移酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、γ-谷氨酰基转肽酶（gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,GOT）、血清总胆红素（total bilirubin,TBIL）、碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,荧光定量PCR检测外周血HBV DNA水平。慢性乙型肝炎患者血清睾酮水平显著高于正常对照组,HBeAg阳性患者较HBeAg阴性患者升高明显,但差别无显著意义。慢性乙型肝炎患者肝功血清学指标ALT、AST、TBIL、GGT、ALP及IgG水平显著高于正常人,但乙肝患者睾酮水平与ALT等生化指标及HBV DNA水平无明显相关性,与免疫球蛋白IgG呈中等负相关。因而可以看出慢性乙型肝炎患者血清睾酮水平显著高于正常人,睾酮水平升高可作为慢性乙型肝炎的易感因素之一。     

干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎临床评价

干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎已有20多年历史,由于其抑制病毒复制和强大的免疫调节作用,以及具有疗程确定,不引起病毒变异耐药,显效后疗效持久的特点,是慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的首选药物之一。多项试验证明聚乙二醇化干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效优于普通干扰素和核苷类似物。本文就有关干扰素单用、联合核苷类似物和序贯疗法治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床研究和HBV基因型对干扰素疗效的影响做简要综述。     

BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: PAST,PRESENT, AND FUTURE. A REVIEW OF HARRY HEFT'S ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CONTEXT

Relations between behavior analysis and ecological psychology have been strained for years, notwithstanding the occasional comment on their affinities. Harry Heft's (2001) Ecological Psychology in Context provides an occasion for reviewing anew those relations and affinities. It describes the genesis of ecological psychology in James's radical empiricism; addresses Holt's neorealism and Gestalt psychology; and synthesizes Gibson's ecological psychology and Barker's ecobehavioral science as a means for understanding everyday human behavior. Although behavior analysis is excluded from this account, Heft's book warrants a review nonetheless: It describes ecological psychology in ways that are congruent and complementary with behavior analysis (e.g., nonmediational theorizing; the provinces of natural history and natural science). After introducing modern ecological psychology, I comment on (a) Heft's admirable, albeit selective, historiography; (b) his ecological psychology—past and present—as it relates to Skinner's science and system (e.g., affordances, molar behavior); (c) his misunderstandings of Skinner's behaviorism (e.g., reductionistic, mechanistic, molecular); and (d) the theoretical status of Heft's cognitive terms and talk (i.e., in ontology, epistemology, syntax). I conclude by considering the alliance and integration of ecological psychology and behavior analysis, and their implications for unifying and transforming psychology as a life science, albeit more for the future than at present.     

慢性乙肝治疗路线图和HBV DNA、HBeAg、HBsAg定量的监测意义

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染呈世界分布并且引起不良结局,是极为严重的健康问题。慢性乙型肝炎治疗最重要的目标是长期抑制病毒以改善预后,防止出现肝硬化、肝衰竭和肝癌。目前,抗病毒药物主要有干扰素和口服核苷（酸）类似物,核苷（酸）类似物的缺点主要在于长期治疗中出现耐药。路线图概念被用于监测耐药预测疗效。HBV DNA定量水平被作为路线图较好的监测指标。由于血清转换率及清除率过低,HBeAg、HBsAg定量检测不适合用于路线图监测,但对于使用聚乙二醇干扰素的慢性乙肝患者,可作为预测治疗应答的指标。