弈棋风格的fMRI证据

为了探寻弈棋风格大局观维度存在的生理证据,研究使用1.5T功能型磁共振仪,采用被试间设计,记录并比较不同风格的围棋业余棋手在思考围棋问题时脑区激活情况。结果表明：大局观高分组被单独激活的Brodmann区有右BA1、右BA6、右BA17、右BA19,而低分组被试被单独激活的Brodmann区是左BA7、左BA9、右BA25、右BA37、右BA46、左BA47。这种差异为弈棋风格大局观维度的存在提供了生理性证据。     

Parental grief following the death of an infant—a follow-up over one year

The course of parental bereavement during the first year following an infant's death was investigated. Also, the differences in mothers' and fathers' reactions, the differences according to the mothers' occupational role, and the similarities in couples' reactions were studied. From a total sample of 59 families, 13 families answered their questionnaires at all three time points (1, 6 and 13 months), 22 families responded at two time points, and 37 families responded at some point following the loss. Measures relating to anxiety, depression, bodily discomfort, general well being and impact of event were used at the three time points. The results showed that grief, as measured by the different inventories, decreased over time. The decrease was most evident from 6 to 13 months, and most prominent in women. A considerable number of the parents were still actively dealing with the loss all through the first year of bereavement. In most couples the mother reported most distress. Mothers were significantly more depressed than fathers at all time points, and mothers also had significantly higher anxiety and lower general health at 1 and 13 months, and intrusive scores of 1 and 6 months. Women at home evidenced more grief at all three time points than women employed outside the home. A high or low score in one spouse was more strongly correlated with a similar score in the other at 1 and 13 months, than at 6 months. The implications for counselling of parents, with special emphasis on the employment situation of the mother, is emphasized.     

Three ways to resist temptation: The independent contributions of executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation to the impulse control of eating behavior

It is generally assumed that impulse control plays a major role in many areas of self-regulation such as eating behavior. However, the exact mechanisms that enable the control of impulsive determinants such as automatic affective reactions toward tempting stimuli are not well understood. “The present research investigated the separate moderator effects of three factors of impulse control, executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation on the relationship between automatic affective reactions toward candy and subsequent candy consumption.” Results showed that all three factors reduced the influence of automatic affective reactions on eating behavior, indicating improved impulse control. Implications for self-regulation research are discussed.     

Public decisions or private decisions? When the specific case guides public decisions

Educators' differential decisions towards identified single students as compared with unidentified students, or a group of identified students, were examined by presenting educators with educational scenarios describing actual dilemmas from the three different perspectives. The first two studies indicate that willingness to change the existing policy and to [bend the rule] is greater when a dilemma is presented from the specific identified student's perspective than when presented as a general dilemma. The results of the third study suggest that in their decisions regarding an identified individual student, educators allow more changes in school regulations and give less weight to the school needs as compared with their decisions regarding an unidentified student or a group of students. Implications for policy making are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

急性生理应激对大鼠的行为及脑神经颗粒素磷酸化水平的影响

突触特异性蛋白质在应激所致行为效应的中枢机制中的可能角色日益受到关注。神经颗粒素（Neurogranin,NG）是一种新发现的突触特异性蛋白质,主要分布在前额叶、杏仁核和海马区域,参与突触结构和功能可塑性机制,可能涉及到应激所致行为效应中枢机制。但是,关于NG、应激和行为之间的关系国内外尚缺乏系统的研究报道。本研究主要是探讨急性生理应激对大鼠行为和NG的作用,以及NG的变化与应激性行为效应之间的相互关系。以急性强迫性冷水游泳应激,建立生理应激动物模型。将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为游泳应激组1（SS1,接受游泳应激和行为测试）、游泳应激组2（SS2,接受游泳应激而不接受行为测试）、正常对照组1（C1,接受行为测试）和正常对照组（C2,不给予任何处理）（n=10）。以旷场行为和高架十字迷宫任务来评定大鼠应激后的行为变化,Western blotting方法测定海马和前脑皮层中的NG含量和磷酸化水平。结果表明：应激后SS1组的呆滞行为增加,与C1组比较,差异有显著性, P<0.01; SS1组海马的NG含量和NG磷酸化水平增高,与C1和C2组相比,差异有显著性,均为P<0.05; SS1组皮层的NG含量增高,与C1和C2组相比,差异有显著性,均为P<0.01;SS1组皮层的NG磷酸化水平增高,与C1组相比,差异具有显著性,P<0.01;前脑皮层的NG磷酸化水平与呆滞行为之间的相关达显著水平。提示该应激源能诱发动物明显的恐惧反应,呆滞行为是反映急性生理应激导致行为障碍的敏感的行为学指标,海马和前脑皮层均是对急性生理应激反应敏感的脑区。NG的磷酸化水平可能是反映急性生理应激所致行为障碍的一项新的生物学指标     

儿童行为抑制的生理机制研究述评

行为抑制指儿童不愿意接近陌生刺激,并带有害羞、恐惧和焦虑等消极情绪的气质类型,具有中等程度的稳定性和特定生理基础,对儿童日后情绪和行为发展具有较大影响。与非行为抑制个体相比,在特定的刺激条件下,行为抑制个体的杏仁核、纹状体和右前额区域的激活水平可能较高,心率和可的松水平也倾向于较高。目前,研究者已结合行为和生理学方法来探讨行为抑制的生理机制,取得了一些重要的进展。但是,也存在一些问题有待于进一步探讨。     

Effects of age and competence type on the emotions: Focusing on sadness and anger

Abstract:  The effects of age and competence type on emotional reactions were demonstrated in this study. Participants: (362 junior high-school students, 658 senior high-school students, 407 undergraduates, and 1027 adults) were asked to rate the Assumed-competence Scale, second version (ACS-2) and Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, which were prepared to classify the participants into four competence types: Omnipotent, Assumed, Self-respective, and Atrophy. They also rated their perceived emotional reactions toward negative personal and social events, and the responses were compared among age groups and competence types. Remarkable results showed that the Assumed and the Atrophy types were prominent in junior and senior high-school students. They tend to get angry toward negative personal events, and they also tend not to respond emotionally toward social events. Another result was that people in the Assumed and Omnipotent types were likely to get angry toward both personal and social events, and they were also less responsive toward social events.     

The role of shyness and self-focused attention for attribution of reactions in social situations to internal and external causes

The hypothesis that shyness would be associated with attribution of emotional reactions to stable internal causes rather than to less stable internal and external causes was tested in Study 1 (N = 60). In Study 2 (N= 112) the hypothesis that the explanatory power of shyness would decrease once the effect of self-focused attention on attribution to stable internal causes had been controlled for was tested. The results confirmed both hypotheses. Shyness correlated positively with attribution to stable internal causes, but non-significant with attribution to less stable internal and external causes. Shyness explained a lesser portion of the variance in attribution to both of the internal causes when controlling for self-focus. Even though the findings indicate that self-focus is central to the social cognitive processes of shy individuals, they also suggest that self-focus cannot fully explain attribution to internal causes in general and shy individuals' attributional pattern in particular.     

孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力及情绪表情注意方式

研究探讨了孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力及情绪表情注意方式的特点。各选取15名孤独症儿童以及作为对照组的智力障碍儿童和普通儿童各15名, 完成情绪共情实验, 同时使用生物反馈仪记录自主生理反应, 眼动仪记录眼动轨迹。结果发现孤独症儿童对情绪表情的自动模仿及感知能力显著低于智力障碍儿童与普通儿童; 对面孔的总注视时间、总注视点数均显著少于智力障碍儿童、普通儿童; 对眼部、嘴部的注视时间比及注视点数比均显著低于普通儿童; 对高兴和悲伤表情的注意较多而对恐惧则较少。这提示孤独症儿童的情绪共情能力不足、对情绪表情的注意方式异常。     

奖惩对行为抑制及程序阶段中自主生理反应的影响

采用停止信号任务探讨奖惩条件对行为抑制和程序阶段中自主生理反应的影响。结果显示：(1)奖惩组的反应时显著高于控制组, 抑制失败率则显著低于控制组; (2)奖励组与其它两组相比表现出心率显著增加和皮肤电活动显著降低; (3)各生理指标在准备、工作和奖惩阶段中的奖惩差异性显著(4)奖惩条件下皮肤电活动呈现出一致性程序阶段变化。结果表明：奖惩条件均对行为具有抑制作用, 但在自主生理反应上则有显著差异; 各生理指标在准备、工作和奖惩阶段的情绪效价显著; 皮肤电活动的程序阶段变化显著, 但其奖惩效价较为稳定, 很少接受程序阶段变化的影响。