幼儿的自我投射能力对情景预见的影响:来自典型发展儿童和孤独症谱系障碍儿童的证据

情景预见是个体将自我投射到未来某个特定时间和地点预先体验可能发生的未来事件的一种能力。为了考察幼儿的自我投射能力在情景预见中的可能作用,本研究通过两个实验比较了从自己的视角和从他人视角完成情景预见任务时幼儿的表现。实验1选取236名3~5.5岁典型发展（Typically Developing,TD）幼儿,采用被试间设计发现,总体而言,幼儿为他人做预见优于为自己做预见。实验2采用被试内设计,在TD儿童身上验证了实验1的结果,同时发现,孤独症谱系障碍（Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD）儿童为自己做预见与为他人做预见没有差异。综上,幼儿不成熟的自我投射能力会干扰其自我卷入的情景预见,而自我投射能力受损的ASD儿童则没有表现出这种影响。     

自闭症谱系障碍个体的疼痛敏感性异常：来自元分析的证据

本研究采用元分析方法, 以疼痛阈限、疼痛诱发生理反应和疼痛评分为结果变量, 考察了自闭症谱系障碍个体(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)的疼痛敏感性异常, 以期为ASD的诊断和干预提供参考。元分析共纳入16项研究(总样本量N = 822)。对于疼痛阈限, ASD组和对照组无显著差异, 但受到疼痛模态等变量的调节作用, 如ASD组的压力疼痛阈限显著低于对照组。对于疼痛诱发生理反应, ASD组对现实医疗疼痛的生理反应强于对照组。然而, ASD组和对照组在疼痛评分上无显著差异。将来研究应结合多模态疼痛刺激和多维度疼痛评估, 系统考察ASD个体的疼痛敏感性及其与临床核心症状之间的联系。     

5～7岁自闭症谱系障碍幼儿数感的特点

本研究采用《幼儿数感测评量表》对26名自闭症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorders,ASD）幼儿、20名智力障碍幼儿及32名正常幼儿进行数感能力测评,并比较三组幼儿的数感特点。结果发现：（1）ASD幼儿的数感整体和各维度水平均显著低于正常幼儿,但与智力障碍幼儿相当;（2）三组幼儿数感各维度水平在5～7岁之间无明显变化;（3）三组幼儿在数量比较、数量估算和大小比较的能力水平均领先于其他维度,而类比推理和大小推理均相对落后。另外,ASD幼儿和智力障碍幼儿的体积比较与大小推理、类比推理的能力较为接近,而正常幼儿的体积比较能力显著优于大小推理和类比推理。研究表明5～7岁ASD幼儿的数感能力整体落后于同龄正常幼儿,且数感各维度的能力发展不均衡、不同步。本研究揭示了5～7岁ASD幼儿数感能力发展的特点及需求,可为制定相应数感干预方案、促进其数学学习提供参考。     

Nausea During Pregnancy: Relation to Early Childhood Temperament and Behavior Problems at Twelve Years

Associations between maternal nausea during pregnancy and child behavioral outcomes were investigated in a large birth cohort. Generally, 2nd- and 3rd-trimester nausea were more predictive of child outcomes than 1st-trimester nausea. Children whose mothers reported nausea in middle or late pregnancy had lower sensory thresholds and higher levels of activity and emotional intensity in infancy and were reported to be lower in task persistence at age 5. At age 12, these children were viewed by teachers as more careless with their school work and as having more attentional and learning problems.     

Champ et effets de la négation argumentative: contre-argumentation et mise en cause

An argument can be taken as an operation of justification or as the product of this operation. But what about a counter-argument? This article is based on the hypothesis that there exists an operation of argumentative negation, which is both the argumentative and the negative equivalent of the operation of justification. Justification and argumentative negation necessarily act on assertions, for they are active at the level of the epistemic modalities of statements. As an operation, a counter-argument can thus be described, as the application of an argumentative negation; as a product, it can be described as an argument the conclusion of which shows traces of negative modality. Two uses of argumentative negation are distinguished here: counter-argumentation and calling into question. The former can lead only to assertive conclusive statements, but the latter can also lead to directives or commissives. This leads the authors to introduce the notion of pseudo-argument, besides those of argument and counter-argument. It is shown in particular that when a pseudo-argument is rejected, argumentative negation has the effect of making evident an underlying argument. With respect to the latterit functions as a counter-argumentation, whereas with respect to the illocutionary act accomplished by the conclusive statement, it functions as a calling into question of a condition of satisfaction for this act. This article also defines certain characteristics of argument, proposes criteria for identifying argumentative negation in polemical conversations, and distinguishes four modes of counter-argumentation.     

心理理论视角下的Asperger综合症、精神分裂症和孤独症

心理理论是儿童社会认知发展研究的重要课题,文章对心理理论研究在临床实践中的应用进行综述,详细介绍了Asperger综合症,精神分裂症,孤独症（自闭症）中心理理论的研究,并对以后的研究提出建议。     

The New Person-Specific Paradigm in Psychology

ABSTRACT— Most research methodology in the behavioral sciences employs interindividual analyses, which provide information about the state of affairs of the population. However, as shown by classical mathematical-statistical theorems (the ergodic theorems), such analyses do not provide information for, and cannot be applied at, the level of the individual, except on rare occasions when the processes of interest meet certain stringent conditions. When psychological processes violate these conditions, the interindividual analyses that are now standardly applied have to be replaced by analysis of intraindividual variation in order to obtain valid results. Two illustrations involving analysis of intraindividual variation of personality and emotional processes are given.     

西方关于自闭症研究的新进展——与心理理论的关系研究

自闭症是一种罕见的身体机能失调的综合病症。本文阐述了西方关于自闭症研究的新进展,其中分别介绍了自闭症的重要症状、自闭症起因的理论假设以及自闭症与心理理论的关系研究。在阐述的过程中强调了心理理论的缺失是自闭症产生的重要原因。     

Predicting the job and life satisfaction of Italian teachers: Test of a social cognitive model

This study tested a social cognitive model of work and life satisfaction (Lent & Brown, 2006, 2008) in a sample of 235 Italian school teachers. The model offered good overall fit to the data, though not all individual path coefficients were significant. Three of five predictors (favorable work conditions, efficacy-relevant supports, and positive affectivity) produced significant, direct paths to job satisfaction. Job satisfaction, progress at personal work goals, and positive affectivity were predictive of teachers' life satisfaction. Task self-efficacy was related indirectly both to job satisfaction (via work conditions) and life satisfaction (via goal progress). Implications of the findings for future research and efforts to promote teachers' job satisfaction are discussed.     

Practical Conditions for Revealing Kabbalistic Knowledge

In this lecture, given on 17 June 2004, the author describes the conditions for proper disclosure of the wisdom of Kabbalah. He explains that today everyone is entitled and indeed is required to know about its true meaning. Expounding on the three past bans—“no need to disclose,” “impossible to disclose,” and “the Creator's personal secret”—Makaron demonstrates why today they have been (at least partially) lifted.