K-means、潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型的比较

基于模拟研究比较了K-means方法、潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型在二分外显变量情境下的聚类效果.结果表明：（1）潜在类别数量、变量数量、样本量、样本平衡和变量间相关对K-means方法、潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型的分类准确性均有影响且因素间的交互作用存在;（2）除了在2个潜在类别的样本不平衡条件下K-means方法表现较差外,在其他条件下与潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型的表现相当;（3）混合Rasch模型的分类一致性在2个潜在类别的情境下要好于潜在类别模型,但是在4个潜在类别的情境下要差于潜在类别模型.     

The dreaming brain/mind, consciousness and psychosis

Several independent lines of research in neurobiology seem to support the phenomenologically-grounded view of the dreaming brain/mind as a useful model for psychosis. Hallucinatory phenomena and thought disorders found in psychosis share several peculiarities with dreaming, where internally generated, vivid sensorimotor imagery along with often heightened and incongruous emotion are paired with a decrease in ego functions which ultimately leads to a severe impairment in reality testing. Contemporary conceptualizations of severe mental disorders view psychosis as one psychopathological dimension that may be found across several diagnostic categories. Some experimental data have shown cognitive bizarreness to be equally elevated in dreams and in the waking cognition of acutely psychotic subjects and in patients treated with pro-dopaminergic drugs, independent of the underlying disorder. Further studies into the neurofunctional underpinnings of both conditions will help to clarify the use and validity of this model.     

HO-DINA模型的MCMC参数估计及模型性能研究

认知诊断目前在国内外越来越受到重视,而要真正实现认知诊断,需借助一定的计量学模型即认知诊断模型。国际上,目前已开发近60种认知诊断模型,不同模型又各具特点。本研究重点分析国外研究较成熟的模型--HO-DINA/DINA模型,具体探讨该模型参数估计的实现及模型性能,采用Monte Carlo模拟方法进行,研究发现：(1)本研究对项目参数、属性参数和被试参数估计返真性较好、稳健性较强、HO-DINA模型具有较高的判断率,MCMC算法可行;（2）诊断的属性个数越多,诊断的模式正确率越低,建议实际使用该模型时,诊断的属性个数不宜超过7个;（3）用于诊断的项目数越多,诊断的模式正确率越高,在实际工作中,若要保证有80%以上的模式判准率,则4个属性的至少需20题,5个、6个和7个属性的至少需要40题,8个属性至少需60题。实际运用者应根据实际情况考虑适当的项目数及属性数。     

基于胜任特征模型的人才招聘与选拔

胜任特征模型理论在企业人力资源管理过程中应用越来越广泛。尤其是在人才招聘与选拔过程中的作用更为重要。本文以胜任特征模型为切入点,分析该模型的基本理论和特点、模型的构建过程以及在实际人才聘任与选拔过程中的应用,为企业人力资源管理者更好地实现人职匹配提供方法和依据,有助于企业人力资源得到合理配置,提高组织绩效,赢得竞争优势。     

Properties of reverse hazard functions

For continuous distributions reverse hazard is defined as the probability density divided by the cumulative probability, F(x); whereas the usual hazard function is the density divided by the survivor function, 1−F(x). Reverse hazard corresponds to the conditional density of an immediate failure or state change, conditioned by the fact that the state change occurred. For example, of all the items that failed, the proportion of those items that immediately failed is reverse hazard. Reverse hazard exhibits many symmetrical properties with hazard. In this paper a set of theorems are developed that explicate the properties of reverse hazard for both continuous and discrete probability distributions. Taken together, hazard and reverse hazard are a powerful set of theoretical constructs that are valuable for understanding stochastic systems.     

情绪即社会信息模型的理论及应用

情绪即社会信息(EmotionsasSocialInformationmodel,EASI)模型旨在阐释他人情绪如何通过情感反应和推断加工机制影响观察者的决策,以及认知动机和合适性判断在其中的调节作用。文章将EASI模型与相关理论进行了辨析,并基于对63项使用该理论的实证研究的分析,梳理归纳了EASI模型在领导力、团队、顾客服务、谈判及说服领域展开的应用,以及影响EASI模型的边界条件——信息加工程度和合适性判断的具体因素。未来研究需加强系统化验证、深化与其它理论的整合、拓展应用情境和优化测量方法。     

Five-Factor Model and alcohol outcomes: Mediating and moderating role of alcohol expectancies

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the Five-Factor Model of personality and alcohol expectancies (AEs) with different alcohol outcomes. The sample was composed of 738 participants (63.7% females). Path and regression analyses were performed to test the mediation and moderation effects. The results indicated that Neuroticism was related to alcohol consumption through Positive Alcohol Expectancies, and that Negative Alcohol Expectancies, but also Positive Alcohol Expectancies, partially mediated the relationship of Neuroticism to alcohol-related problems. In addition, Positive Alcohol Expectancies partially mediated the associations of extraversion and low conscientiousness with weekend Standard Drink Units (SDUs), and they completely mediated the associations of these personality variables with alcohol-related problems. Additional direct paths were found from low agreeableness to weekly SDUs and alcohol-related problems; and from low openness to weekend SDUs. Moderation effects of alcohol expectancies on personality and both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems were also found. The present research contributes new evidence on the influence of the five factors of personality on alcohol outcomes, and the mediation/moderation role of alcohol expectancies. These findings can be useful to develop prevention/intervention programmes.     

Experimental evidence supporting simpler Action Point paradigms for car-following

The Action Point theory is one of the paradigms that can be applied to understand and reproduce car-following behaviour. Several different approaches to this theory have been proposed, some more simple and others more complex. In particular, the reference point in this field is still the paradigm from Wiedemann, which requires the identification of four action-point thresholds. In this paper we review Action Point theories in order to highlight similarities and differences and to ascertain whether all the thresholds proposed by Wiedemann actually bind the driving behaviour. Based on a large-scale experiment in which car-following data were collected, we identified all candidate action points assuming that the more complex (four-threshold) theory holds. Then we tested these points with respect to the large data set of available observations, in order to check whether actual actions are performed at the points. The results show that very often simpler approaches better match the observed data and that in order to explain car-following behaviour it is sufficient in most cases to refer to two thresholds. The results obtained by real-world observation were also tested in virtual environments (two different kinds of driving simulators) and were confirmed.     

Confidence of social judgments is not just error: Individual differences in the structure,stability, and social functions of perceptual confidence

The present research uses a Social Relations Model approach to focus on individual differences in perceptual confidence – a person’s confidence in her or his impressions of others. Across two samples of group interactions, we found that the majority of variance in perceptual confidence was explained by individual differences in how people tended to perceive others (i.e., perceiver effects). A smaller percentage of variance was explained by differences in how people tended to be perceived by others (i.e., target effects). Both these individual differences were stable over time, were related to relevant personality measures, and group outcomes. Together, these results demonstrate that although perceptual confidence may not be substantially related to accuracy, it exists as a stable individual difference dimension that has important consequences for social interactions.     

Construction of a Meaning Effectiveness Model: A new interpretation of meaning in life

This paper aims to determine the precise meaning of the word “meaning” in the context of the sense of meaning and to explain the characteristics of meaning and meaning in life. Using ordinary language analysis and phenomenology, this paper defines meaning as the possibility of something to realize its goal: the effectiveness of a thing in realizing the goal. Thus, this paper aims to establish a Meaning Effectiveness Model (MEM), which regards meaning as a function of goal and effectiveness to explain the meaning phenomena, including degree, frequency, stability, adaptive functions, and emerging conditions of meaning. Within the framework of MEM, meaning in life is divided into meaning within life and the meaning of life itself, which have different characteristics. The relationship between the model and existing meaning theories is also discussed.