Finding a safe place to cross the road: the effect of distractors and the role of attention in children's identification of safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites

Negotiating traffic requires the ability to focus attention on the traffic environment and ignore distracting stimuli. The aims of this study were (1) to examine the effect of distractors on children's ability to identify safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites and (2) to examine the relationship between identification of safe/dangerous sites and attention (selective attention, attention switching, sustained attention and divided attention). Participants were 88 children (aged between 6 and 11 years) and 29 adults. Ability to identify safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites was assessed using computer presentations of sites with and without visual and auditory distractions. Measures of attention were examined using the Test of Everyday Attention (child and adult versions). The ability to identify safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites and performance on the attention tests were found to improve with increasing age. Correct identification of safe/dangerous road‐crossing sites was related to selective attention and divided attention for children but not for adults. Road safety training should take into account the development of these skills. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

虚拟团队学习效能研究:社会认知因素的影响

本研究采用现场研究的方法,对21个虚拟团队学习的效能进行了实证研究。研究对社会认知因素中的效能感和目标取向对虚拟团队学习效能(技能改变、工作任务和团队健康水平)的影响进行了研究,并探讨了对虚拟团队的态度在中间所起的作用。研究发现,虚拟团队效能感和学习取向对虚拟团队的学习效能产生作用,而对虚拟团队学习的态度、团队信任对虚拟团队学习的效能起着中介或直接的作用。     

Still No Evidence For Temporally Extended Shock-frequency Reduction As A Reinforcer.

There is no consensus and very little overlap in the criticisms of my target article. Because the primary consequences of avoidance behavior are by definition alterations in the distribution of shocks in time, any theory about the reinforcement of such behavior necessarily must begin with that dimension. However, the safety‐signal version of two‐process theory calls on positively and negatively correlated stimuli, including the responses themselves serving as stimuli, to transmit the effects of those alterations to the relevant behavior. Meanwhile, the Herrnstein—Hineline single‐process theory hypothesizes an additional source of reinforcement: a direct effect of reduction in the density of shock over some extended period of time. I can find no data that selectively support that hypothesis.     

父亲的角色态度对其教养投入的影响：母亲态度类型的调节作用

本研究采用双亲关于父亲角色的态度问卷及父亲教养投入问卷,对427个3~7岁儿童的父母进行调查,考察父亲关于自身角色的态度对其教养投入的影响以及母亲关于父亲角色的态度类型在其中的调节作用.结果表明:(1)父亲关于自身教养价值、教养动机、教养技能的态度均可正向预测其教养投入,而父亲关于自身教养天性的态度对其教养投入没有显著的预测作用;(2)母亲态度类型在父亲的教养动机与其教养投入之间具有调节作用,在父亲角色态度的其他维度与教养投入之间无显著的调节效应.当母亲为矛盾型和拒绝型时,父亲的教养动机可正向预测其教养投入;当母亲为接纳型时,父亲的教养动机对其教养投入不具有预测作用.     

大学生群体中价值观、感知环境质量与环境意识的关系研究

本研究利用一项大学生环境意识调查数据,探讨了价值观、感知环境质量和环境意识之间关系,并对英格尔哈特的“客观问题和主观价值”假设进行检验。研究结果基本支持该假设,后物质主义者比物质主义者的环境意识更强,感知环境质量差者比感知环境质量好者的环境意识更强。此外,研究还发现,感知环境质量比价值观对大学生的环境意识作用更强;感知中国环境质量比感知家乡环境质量对大学生的环境意识作用更强。     

工作-家庭中心性与延迟退休态度的关系研究

延迟退休态度是影响新退休政策推行的重要社会心理因素。本研究采用《延迟退休态度问卷》等工具,抽取450名临近退休员工,考察工作-家庭中心性与延迟退休态度的关系以及工作投入、组织支持感在其二者关系上的作用机制。研究发现：（1）临近退休员工对延迟退休的态度较为消极。（2）低组织支持感条件下,工作投入在工作-家庭中心性与延迟退休态度之间起到完全中介作用。低组织支持感不利于缓解家庭中心性员工对延迟退休的消极态度。（3）高价值认同条件下,家庭中心性与工作投入、延迟退休态度的正向关系弱化。给予员工高价值认同可以提升对延迟退休的积极态度。高关心利益也可缓解家庭中心性员工对延迟退休的消极态度。     

伪忽视行为表现与神经基础及交通驾驶应用

伪忽视是健康个体存在轻微偏左的不对称空间注意。影响这个现象的因素主要包括刺激材料、年龄、认知负荷和知觉负荷等。其中, 眼动搜索习惯曾经被认为是伪忽视现象的主要因素, 甚至提出伪忽视是眼动偏好现象。但是, 最近文献研究普遍认为, 伪忽视不是眼动行为, 而是注意特质。近10年的大脑神经层面的证据发现, 右脑腹侧注意网络对左侧空间注意偏好有较大的贡献, 而且在神经传导束的证据中也发现右脑大纵束二型对左侧空间注意的激活程度高于其他两种类型的传导束。另外, 注意偏好的时间分辨率研究发现, 注意的左侧空间偏向发生在注意发生后的100~200 ms之内, 眼动搜索时间则是在1500 ms之内出现最大左偏。该现象的应用研究主要体现在交通驾驶员的注意能力和驾驶视觉搜索模式的关系研究。研究意义在于为安全交通提供两条原则, 首先, 道路交通驾驶环境设置要满足驾驶员的注意特质的需求; 其次, 通过合理干预, 可以抑制视觉搜索习惯, 培养安全的驾驶搜索模式。     

Objectivity and reliability

Scanlon’s Being Realistic about Reasons is a beautiful book – sleek, sophisticated, and programmatic. One of its key aims is to demystify knowledge of normative and mathematical truths, realistically construed – i.e. construed, roughly, as being true relevantly independent of minds and languages, when interpreted at face-value. In this article, I develop an epistemological problem that Scanlon fails to explicitly address. I argue that his ‘metaphysical pluralism’ can be understood as a response to that problem. However, it resolves the problem only if it undercuts the objectivity of normative and mathematical inquiry.