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991.
The present study examined the construct of attention control, which is an important aspect of effortful control, in a sample of non-clinical children aged between 9 and 13 years. Results demonstrated that attention control was associated with a broad range of psychopathological complaints, including symptoms of anxiety, aggression, depression, and ADHD. As predicted, lower levels of attention control were accompanied by higher levels of these symptoms. Further, attention control was also negatively related to threat perception distortions, which indicates that children who display low levels of this regulative temperament factor are more prone to such cognitive biases. Third, when controlling for neuroticism, attention control remained significantly (negatively) associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression (child report only), and ADHD. The correlations between attention control and threat perception distortions largely disappeared when the influence of neuroticism was partialled out. Only the link between attention control and anxious interpretations of ambiguous vignettes survived this correction. Finally, no evidence was found for the hypothesised mediating role of cognitive distortions on the relation between temperament factors and psychopathological symptoms. 相似文献
992.
Howard Gontovnick 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2007,37(2):103-109
The main purpose of the interview was to explore Alvin Mahrer’s views on an uncommon issue, namely the possibility of a paradigm
shift in the field of psychotherapy. The interview covers (a) a way to help bring about a revolutionary paradigm shift, and
(b) preview possibilities for an across-the-board, comprehensive paradigm shift in the field of psychotherapy.
Grateful appreciation is extended to the reviewers whose comments were helpful and constructive in enabling a substantial
improvement in the earlier draft of the interview. 相似文献
993.
The purpose of the current study was to investigate deployment of attention in clinically depressed patients during the process of symptom remission. Previous research indicates a non-depressed protective bias in attention whereas depressed individuals evidence no bias. A deployment-of-attention task based on negative, positive, and neutral adjectives was administered twice to 15 inpatients with major depression and 15 normal controls, at about 6 weeks apart. From test 1 to test 2, severity of patients' depressive symptoms improved significantly. Acutely depressed patients tended to show an attentional bias towards negative information whereas partially remitted patients manifested no attentional bias. Non-depressed individuals attended less to negative information than (acutely and partially remitted) depressed patients. Non-depressed participants but not depressed patients avoid negative information demonstrating a protective processing bias. Depressed patients are not characterized by a shift towards a pronounced protective pattern during symptom remission. 相似文献
994.
Grisham JR Brown TA Savage CR Steketee G Barlow DH 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(7):1471-1483
A group of patients with compulsive hoarding (n=30) was compared to a mixed clinical group (n=30) and a nonclinical community group (n=30) on laboratory tests of information-processing features hypothesized to be central to hoarding (memory, attention, and decision-making). Hoarding patients demonstrated slower and more variable reaction time, increased impulsivity, greater difficulty distinguishing targets and nontargets, and worse spatial attention relative to comparison groups. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that slower reaction time and increased impulsivity were significantly related to hoarding symptoms over and above the effect of depression, schizotypy, and other obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. There were no group differences on a test of emotion-based decision-making. Results are discussed in terms of previous findings and theoretical models of compulsive hoarding. 相似文献
995.
Neuropsychological methods and techniques have much to offer in the evaluation of the individual suspected as having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD). After a review of the historical evolution of the ADHD concept, incidence and prevalence, and DSM-IV criteria
for diagnosis, especially as regards omission related to gender differences, and other associated cultural, familial, socioenvironmental,
and subject influences, this paper describes a number of dilemmas and obstacles encountered in clinical practice. Included
are the confounds associated with the wide range of possible comorbidities, the insufficiency of current DSM-IV criteria,
the emergence of subtype differentiation and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. The complex relationship between neuropsychological
constructs and ADHD, and obstacles to valid assessment are also addressed. The complexities associated with a thorough ADHD
evaluation are viewed within an impressive and expansive existing scientific framework and recommendations are made for future
directions. 相似文献
996.
Suneeta Kercood Janice A. Grskovic David L. Lee Stacey Emmert 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(4):303-310
This study evaluated the effectiveness of fine motor physical activity with tactile stimulation during two conditions of math
problem solving, visual and auditory. Eight 4th and 5th grade students with attention problems participated. Using an alternating
treatments design, students solved as many math story problems as they could, presented on worksheets or verbally during two
conditions, with and without tactile stimulation during 20 min. Motor behavior, recorded from videotape, and number of correctly
completed word problems were measured. Results suggest that fine motor manipulation of a tactile stimulation object reduced
excessive motor movement and increased task completion of students with attention problems. 相似文献
997.
Recent research has suggested that not all grapheme-colour synaesthetes are alike. One suggestion is that they can be divided, phenomenologically, in terms of whether the colours are experienced in external or internal space (projector–associator distinction). Another suggestion is that they can be divided according to whether it is the perceptual or conceptual attributes of a stimulus that is critical (higher–lower distinction). This study compares the behavioural performance of 7 projector and 7 associator synaesthetes. We demonstrate that this distinction does not map on to behavioural traits expected from the higher–lower distinction. We replicate previous research showing that projectors are faster at naming their synaesthetic colours than veridical colours, and that associators show the reverse profile. Synaesthetes who project colours into external space but not on to the surface of the grapheme behave like associators on this task. In a second task, graphemes presented briefly in the periphery are more likely to elicit reports of colour in projectors than associators, but the colours only tend to be accurate when the grapheme itself is also accurately identified. We propose an alternative model of individual differences in grapheme-colour synaesthesia that emphasises the role of different spatial reference frames in synaesthetic perception. In doing so, we attempt to bring the synaesthesia literature closer to current models of non-synaesthetic perception, attention and binding. 相似文献
998.
Boix-Trelis N Vale-Martínez A Guillazo-Blanch G Martí-Nicolovius M 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(4):659-668
Previous findings demonstrate the involvement of the cholinergic NBM in the acquisition of the social transmission of food preference (STFP), a relational associative odor-guided learning task. There is also evidence that muscarinic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, an important NBM target area, may modulate olfactory associative memory. The present experiment determined the consequences of blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors in a component of the medial prefrontal region (the prelimbic cortex) on the STFP task. Adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally infused with scopolamine (20 microg/site) prior to training and showed a severe impairment in the expression of the task measured in two retention sessions, both immediately and 24h after training. Local scopolamine injections in the prelimbic cortex did not affect other behavioral measures such as olfactory perception, social interaction, motivation to eat, neophobia, or exploration. Results suggest that muscarinic transmission in the prelimbic cortex is essential for the STFP, supporting the hypothesis that ACh in a specific prefrontal area is important for this naturalistic form of olfactory relational memory. Current data are discussed in the context of disruption of learning as a result of interferences in PLC functions such as behavioral flexibility, attention, and strategic planning. 相似文献
999.
Gaze alternation (GA) is considered a hallmark of pointing in human infants, a sign of intentionality underlying the gesture.
GA has occasionally been observed in great apes, and reported only anecdotally in a few monkeys. Three squirrel monkeys that
had previously learned to reach toward out-of-reach food in the presence of a human partner were videotaped while the latter
visually attended to the food, a distractor object, or the ceiling. Frame-by-frame video analysis revealed that, especially
when reaching toward the food, the monkeys rapidly and repeatedly switched between looking at the partner’s face and the food.
This type of GA suggests that the monkeys were communicating with the partner. However, the monkeys’ behavior was not influenced
by changes in the partner’s focus of attention. 相似文献
1000.
McLoughlin G Ronald A Kuntsi J Asherson P Plomin R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):999-1008
Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, complex and highly heritable disorder, characterised by inattentive,
impulsive and overactive behaviour. Evidence for the heritability of ADHD measures in twin population samples has come from
the analysis of total scores that combine inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms subscales. This study investigated,
in a community sample, the aetiology of ADHD-like traits and the aetiological overlap between the two dimensions that define
the ADHD disorder.
Materials and Methods Parents of 6,222 approximately 8-year-old twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) population sample completed
the two subscales of the Conners’ 18-item DSMIV checklist, a screening instrument for ADHD symptoms.
Results Both subscales were highly heritable (hyperactive–impulsive: 88%; inattentive: 79%). Bivariate genetic modelling indicated
substantial genetic overlap between the two components; however, there were significant independent genetic effects.
Conclusions These findings suggest that many genes associated with the hyperactivity–impulsivity dimension will also be associated with
the inattentive dimension but that there is significant genetic heterogeneity as well. These results provide genetic support
for combining the two behavioural dimensions that define ADHD, but also suggest that some symptom-specific genes will also
be identified.
Correspondence and reprint requests to Gráinne McLoughlin, SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London
SE5 8AF, Tel: +44(0) 207-848-5261; Email: g.mcloughlin@iop.kcl.ac.uk. 相似文献