Not Esoteric,Just Fallible: Comment on Starmans and Friedman About Philosophical Expertise

Gettier cases are scenarios conceived by philosophers to demonstrate that justified true beliefs may not be knowledge. Starmans and Friedman (2020) find that philosophers attribute knowledge in Gettier cases differently from laypeople and non-philosophy academics, which seems to suggest that philosophers may be indoctrinated to adopt an esoteric concept of knowledge. I argue to the contrary: Their finding at most shows that philosophical reflection is fallible, but nevertheless able to clarify the concept of knowledge. I also suggest that their experiments could be modified to help determine when philosophical reflection might yield plausible results.     

新冠肺炎疫情下积极社会心理的建设与培育

以新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）为背景,总结归纳出此次疫情下各类人群个体心理反应的特点。COVID-19疫情事件对个体的心理影响因素较多,为深入了解,应从个体心理应激的角度、群体心理对个体的影响以及个体心理与群体心理交互作用等多个层次进行分析。针对疫情下个体和社会心理的特点,积极社会心理培育应从重视全民心理健康教育、注重舆论引导、发挥文化的软实力作用及构建社会心理的舆情数据库等方面开展工作。     

儿童 P300与行为问题和智力不平衡的关系

本文探讨儿童听觉P300与行为问题和智力不平衡的关系。分别采用儿童行为问卷(CBCL)和韦氏儿童智力测验(WISC—CR)评价儿童的行为和智力水平,采用听觉Oddball模式检测儿童的事件相关电位。结果表明,智力不平衡和P300潜伏期延迟提示的脑功能损伤可相互验证,混合问题儿童脑功能损伤程度比单一问题儿童严重,智力不平衡且有混合问题儿童的脑功能损伤更有可能是器质性的。     

质性比较专家与新手的物理问题解决过程

本实验致力于回答两个问题 :(1 )在何种任务限制下 ,专家表现出对新手的解题优势 ;(2 )可以采用何种实验手段 ,来细致刻画解题过程中运用的程序性知识 (“条件 -行动”)。本实验以物理学领域的“欧姆定律”为研究内容 ,采用专家 -新手比较范型 ,对被试的言语报告进行编码与分析 ,进而描绘了解题活动所依赖的“条件 -行动”关系 ,从中展现了专家解题相对于新手的整体优势。对这些优势的进一步个案分析表明 ,物理学解题专长的实质在于 :(1 )条件化操作 (从已知条件得出复杂关系 ) ;(2 )精致化知识 (比例公式与嵌套公式 )。     

Philosophy and Science Dialogue: Consciousness

This is a dialogue between a philosopher and a scientist about the scientific explanation of consciousness. What is consciousness? Does it admit of scientific explanation? If so, what must a scientific theory of consciousness be like in order to provide us with a satisfying explanation of its explanandum? And what types of entities might such a theory acknowledge as being conscious? Philosopher Owen Flanagan and scientist Giulio Tononi weigh in on these issues during an exchange about the nature and scientific explanation of consciousness.     

幼儿园教师的心理健康:对基于SCL-90量表研究的元分析

症状自评量表(SCL-90)在过去15年里广泛用于幼儿园教师心理健康状况调查,然而调查结论却很不一致。为了综合这些相互矛盾的调查结果,分析其原因,37项原始研究(含42个独立样本)进入了元分析。结果显示:(1)幼儿园教师的SCL-90得分与常模没有显著差别,明显低于中小学教师;(2)城镇教师和农村教师、公办教师与民办教师的得分可能有差异;(3)离婚率、教育经费投入,以及出生死亡率与幼儿园教师的SCL-90得分有显著相关。幼儿园教师在心理健康积极端的表现,以及压力–资源–心理健康之间的因果关系在未来研究中需要更多关注。     

Prevention of the development of problem behavior: A laboratory model

Few studies have isolated the preventive efficacy of common behavioral strategies like noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA). The purpose of the current study was to develop and evaluate a laboratory model of these two problem behavior prevention strategies. Undergraduate students participated in a computer simulation, in which clicks to a designated area of the computer screen were analogous to the emergence of problem behavior. The responding of participants in a control group, who experienced a percentile schedule used to mimic the shaping of problem behavior, was compared to that of participants in two experimental groups, each with a history of either DRA or NCR. Between‐subjects group comparisons showed that both intervention strategies were equally effective in the prevention of our analog to problem behavior when compared to the control group. The strengths and limitations of a laboratory model for prevention are discussed in light of recent applied work in this area.     

论病人的“选医权”

选医权是病人的一项基本权力,它能消除医患间事实上的不平等,具有公平的法律价值,能够保证起点公平、过程公平和结果公平。在实施选医权的过程中,病人要正确行使权力,不能滥用权力,履行自己应尽的义务;医院和医生必须为保证病人选医权履行相应的义务。     

顿悟问题解决过程中抑制解除理论有效性的实验研究

本研究以Puzzle任务为材料,对135名高二学生特定线索下的操作水平进行测查,结果表明：（1）表征的抑制解除理论对顿悟问题解决的机制具有一定的解释效力,表现为总体上经历了高操作失败次数的被试在线索敏感性上明显高于未经历操作失败次数的被试。（2）而被试在特定阶段的操作水平未出现朝向解决目标的线性增长而是出现停滞的现象证明了问题的表征复杂性对抑制解除的过程存在制约作用,使其宏观上表现为渐进-停滞-跃升的变化模式。     

电脑游戏与青少年问题行为、家庭各因素的关系研究

本研究着眼于探讨6、8、10年级的中学生的电脑游戏活动,以及游戏时间、游戏暴力程度、行为问题、父母教养方式、家庭收入等因素的相互作用。结果显示,6年级学生较之8和10年级学生有较少的行为问题。研究也发现,学生玩游戏时间越多,玩游戏的历史越长,具有行为问题的可能性越多。此外,那些游戏暴力指数较高的学生所得到的来自父母的温暖指数较少,有较多的问题行为。在游戏的暴力指数方面,女孩比男孩要低得多。父亲教养方式中的温暖和惩罚因子、母亲教养方式中的温暖、椎绡和惩罚因子可用于预测孩子的问题行为。