排序方式: 共有82条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
The pseudodiagnosticity task has been used as an example of the tendency on the part of participants to incorrectly assess Bayesian constraints in assessing data, and as a failure to consider alternative hypotheses in a probabilistic inference task. In the task, participants are given one value, the anchor value, corresponding to P(D1|H) and may choose one other value, either P(D1|¬!H), P(D2|H), or P(D2|not;!H). Most participants select P(D2|H), or P(D2|¬!H) which have been considered inappropriate (and called pseudodiagnostic) because only P(D1|¬!H) allows use of Bayes' theorem. We present a new analysis based on probability intervals and show that selection of either P(D2|H), or P(D2|¬!H) is in fact pseudodiagnostic, whereas choice of P(D1|¬!H) is diagnostic. Our analysis shows that choice of the pseudodiagnostic values actually increases uncertainty regarding the posterior probability of H, supporting the original interpretation of the experimental findings on the pseudodiagnosticity task. The argument illuminates the general proposition that evolutionarily adaptive heuristics for Bayesian inference can be misled in some task situations. 相似文献
52.
YI-ZHUANG CHEN 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(5-6):421-431
This article shows that in two respects, Gödel's incompleteness theorem strongly supports the arguments of Edgar Morin's complexity paradigm. First, from the viewpoint of the content of Gödel's theorem, the latter justifies the basic view of complexity paradigm according to which knowledge is a dynamic, unfinished process, and develops by way of self-criticism and self-transcendence. Second, from the viewpoint of the proof procedure of Gödel's theorem, the latter confirms the complexity paradigm's circular line of inference through which is formed the all-round knowledge of a concrete object. 相似文献
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Robert John Russell 《Zygon》1996,31(1):29-41
Abstract. This paper offers a detailed response to “Religion and the Theories of Science” in Barbour's Gifford Lectures I. Topics include: complementarity, indeterminacy, parts and wholes, and Bell's theorem in quantum theory; metaphysical issues raised by relativity theory and thermodynamics, principally the problem of temporality and “top-down” versus “bottom—up” causality; design arguments and the origins of the universe in astronomy and creation; and God's action in the context of evolution and continuing creation. Areas of agreement and disagreement between Barbour and myself over philosophical and theological implications are presented, and endnotes indicate further areas of conversation. 相似文献
56.
Gleason's theorem for R
3 says that if f is a nonnegative function on the unit sphere with the property that f(x) + f(y) + f(z) is a fixed constant for each triple x,y,z of mutually orthogonal unit vectors, then f is a quadratic form. We examine the issues raised by discussions in this journal regarding the possibility of a constructive proof of Gleason"s theorem in light of the recent publication of such a proof. 相似文献
57.
John Woods 《Argumentation》2000,14(2):107-134
A slippery slope argument is an argument to this twofold effect. First, that if a policy or practice P is permitted, then we lack the dialectical resources to demonstrate that a similar policy or practice P* is not permissible. Since P* is indeed not permissible, we should not endorse policy or practice P. At the heart of such arguments is the idea of dialectical impotence, the inability to stop the acceptance of apparently small deviations from a heretofore secure policy or practice from leading to apparently large and unacceptable deviations. Using examples of analogical arguments and sorites arguments I examine this phenomenon in the context of collapsing taboos. 相似文献
58.
Aleksandra Kiślak-Malinowska 《Studia Logica》2007,87(2-3):323-342
In this paper we concentrate mainly on the notion of β-pregroups, which are pregroups (first introduced by Lambek [18] in 1999) enriched with modality operators. β-pregroups were first proposed by Fadda [11] in 2001. The motivation to introduce them was to limit (locally) the associativity
in the calculus considered. In this paper we present this new calculus in the form of a rewriting system, prove the very important
feature of this system - that in a given derivation the non-expanding rules must always proceed non-contracting ones in order
the derivation to be minimal (normalization theorem). We also propose a sequent system for this calculus and prove the cut
elimination theorem for it. As an illustration we show how to use β-pregroups for linguistical applications.
Special Issue Categorial Grammars and Pregroups Edited by Wojciech Buszkowski and Anne Preller 相似文献
59.
We investigate the research programme of dynamic doxastic logic (DDL) and analyze its underlying methodology. The Ramsey test for conditionals is used to characterize the logical and philosophical differences between two paradigmatic systems, AGM and KGM, which we develop and compare axiomatically and semantically. The importance of Gärdenfors’s impossibility result on the Ramsey test is highlighted by a comparison with Arrow’s impossibility result on social choice. We end with an outlook on the prospects and the future of DDL. 相似文献
60.
Covenants and reputations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Peter Vanderschraaf 《Synthese》2007,157(2):167-195
In their classic analyses, Hobbes and Hume argue that offensively violating a covenant is irrational because the offense ruins
one’s reputation. This paper explores conditions under which reputation alone can enforce covenants. The members of a community
are modeled as interacting in a Covenant Game repeated over time. Folk theorems are presented that give conditions under which
the Humean strategy of performing in covenants only with those who have never offensively violated or performed with an offensive
violator characterizes an equilibrium of the repeated Covenant Game. These folk theorems establish that for certain ideal
settings Hobbes’ and Hume’s arguments against offensively violating covenants are compelling. However, these ideal settings
presuppose that the community has certain mechanisms that generate common knowledge of the identities of those with whom one
should perform. I analyze the results of computer simulations of the interactions in a community whose members must rely upon
private communication alone. The computer simulation data show that in this community, reputation effects cannot effectively
deter members from offensively violating covenants. I conclude that Hobbes’ and Hume’s warnings against offensive violation
are compelling only on condition that the community is sufficiently structured to generate common knowledge among its members.
I also conclude that even in such structured communities, the Humean strategy is not the uniquely “correct” policy. 相似文献