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891.
Selective Exposure in the Internet Age: The Interaction between Anxiety and Information Utility 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicholas A. Valentino Antoine J. Banks Vincent L. Hutchings Anne K. Davis 《Political psychology》2009,30(4):591-613
The rise of the Internet forces scholars to reevaluate the frequency and nature of political information seeking in the contemporary period. The functionality of the Internet makes passive exposure more difficult, and selective information seeking easier, than in the past. However, people may also use the Internet in a new and directed way—to arm themselves with information to express and defend their views either online or in the real world. The central question we explore in this paper is what explains balanced versus biased information seeking in the era of the Internet? We combine insights from Sears and Freedman (1967 ) with newer work on emotion to predict motivated selectivity: focusing specifically on the interaction between anxiety and information utility. Our central theoretical claim is that anxiety does not simply boost any information seeking; it triggers information seeking that is useful for addressing the problem at hand. Anxiety alone, therefore, does not guarantee a balanced information search. When counterattitudinal information is useful for some reason—for example, to defend their own opinions to others who may disagree—anxious citizens should seek it out. As a consequence, these subjects should learn more specific information about where each candidate stands on the issues. In an experiment we find support for these hypotheses. We conclude that while today's flexible Internet environment may permit selectivity, balanced seeking should still occur under a fairly common set of circumstances. 相似文献
892.
Daniel Schuepbach Mariëtte Huizinga Stefan Duschek Simone Grimm Heinz Boeker Daniel Hell 《Brain and cognition》2009
Set shifting provokes specific alterations of cerebral hemodynamics in basal cerebral arteries. However, no gender differences have been reported. In the following functional transcranial Doppler study, we introduced cerebral hemodynamic modulation to the aspects of set shifting during Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Twenty-one subjects underwent the WCST during insonation of the middle cerebral arteries. We examined gender effects on task performance and cerebral hemodynamic modulation. Further, we investigated the linkage between performance and cerebral hemodynamic modulation. In females, maximum positive modulation was restricted to the behaviorally relevant time point of set shifting, and there were time-locked associations between mental slowing during set shifting and rapid cerebral hemodynamic modulation exclusively in females. This study provides evidence of gender-related cerebral hemodynamic modulation during set shifting, and we detected time-locked brain–behavior relationship during cognitive control in females. 相似文献
893.
Neurocognitive theories of anxiety predict that threat-related information can be evaluated before attentional selection, and can influence behaviour differentially in high anxious compared to low anxious individuals. We investigate this further by presenting emotional and neutral faces in an adapted binocular rivalry paradigm. We show that the initial selection of emotional faces presented in binocular rivalry is highly influenced by self-reported state and trait anxiety-level. Heightened anxiety was correlated with increased perception of angry and fearful faces, and decreased perception of happy expressions. These results are consistent with recent evidence of involuntary selection of threat in anxiety. 相似文献
894.
In this review, we survey the state of the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as it relates to drug discovery
and drug development. We highlight the advantages and limitations of fMRI for this purpose and suggest ways to improve the
use of fMRI for developing new therapeutics, with emphasis on treatments for anxiety disorders. Fundamentally, pharmacological
studies with standard psychiatric treatments using standardized behavioral probes during fMRI will need to be carried out
to determine characteristic brain signatures that could be used to predict whether novel compounds are likely to have specific
therapeutic effects. 相似文献
895.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between alexithymia and social anxiety symptoms in female outpatients
with dermatological disorder. Fifty consecutive patients sent to a psychiatry outpatient clinic for consultation from a dermatology
outpatient clinic were included in the study. Social anxiety symptoms showed significant correlations with depression, trait
anxiety, alexithymia and global psychiatric symptom severity. A multivariate analysis of covariance demonstrated that subscales
of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) were related to alexithymia and trait anxiety. The “difficulty in describing
feelings” (DDF) dimension of alexithymia and trait anxiety appear to be important factors in this relationship between social
anxiety and alexithymia. Results of this study suggest that patients with dermatological disorder may benefit from both treatment
of social anxiety symptoms and learning how to regulate their affects and emotional expression. 相似文献
896.
Jeffrey A. Cully Melinda A. Stanley Mark E. Kunik 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):160-164
This study examined patient-level factors associated with engagement in mental health treatment in a sample of medically ill
patients with clinically significant symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. A total of 248 patients was enlisted from a randomized
controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). Logistic regression analysis was used to predict mental health engagement, defined as attending at least one
intervention session. Results indicated that patient-perceived mastery over COPD was negatively related to mental health engagement.
Further, mastery was the only significant predictor of mental health engagement after controlling for patient demographic
characteristics, severity of COPD, depression, and anxiety. To improve engagement for medically ill patients with comorbid
mental health difficulties, clinicians should explore patients’ attitudes about their mental health within the context of
their perceived ability to cope with their medical disease. 相似文献
897.
评价单一态度对象的内隐社会认知测验方法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
命中联系作业(GNAT)、外部情感西蒙作业(EAST)、单类内隐联想测验(SC-IAT)和单靶内隐联想测验(ST-IAT)是测验内隐社会认知的4种新方法,是内隐联想测验(IAT)的继承与发展,都可以用来评定对单一态度对象的联想强度。文章通过实例分别对这4种内隐社会认知测验方法的设计程序、信度以及适用性和局限性进行了分析,并在比较的基础上进行了评价和展望 相似文献
898.
Vicarious learning and the development of fears in childhood 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Vicarious learning has long been assumed to be an indirect pathway to fear; however, there is only retrospective evidence that children acquire fears in this way. In two experiments, children (aged 7-9 years) were exposed to pictures of novel animals paired with pictures of either scared, happy or no facial expressions to see the impact on their fear cognitions and avoidance behavior about the animals. In Experiment 1, directly (self-report) and indirectly measured (affective priming) fear attitudes towards the animals changed congruent with the facial expressions with which these were paired. The indirectly measured fear beliefs persisted up to 3 months. Experiment 2 showed that children took significantly longer to approach a box they believed to contain an animal they had previously seen paired with scared faces. These results support theories of fear acquisition that suppose that vicarious learning affects cognitive and behavioral fear emotion, and suggest possibilities for interventions to weaken fear acquired in this way. 相似文献
899.
A substantial proportion of children with high-functioning autism (HFA) or Asperger syndrome (AS) have one or more comorbid
anxiety disorders. Because anxiety disorders exacerbate the social difficulties and other functional impairments caused by
an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is a need for efficacious treatments to address the clinical needs of youth with
this comorbid presentation. This article describes an evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment manual enhanced
to address the unique characteristics and clinical needs of children with ASD. A case study is presented in which CBT was
utilized in the successful treatment of an 11-year-old girl with HFA. The intervention was effective in reducing anxiety and
improving social and adaptive functioning. These findings suggest that an enhanced CBT approach may be a viable intervention
for children with comorbid HFA and anxiety disorders that should be further evaluated. 相似文献
900.