系统思维在糖尿病防治中的应用

随着人们生活水平的提高,糖尿病日益成为威胁人类健康的主要疾病。在整体观的指导下,人们对于糖尿病采取综合全面的治疗。同时,整体优化的原则在防治中被充分运用。近年来,我国建立了2型糖尿病发病因素分析方式与概率预测模型。     

十年坚守“无红包” 推动医院新跨越

采取一系列配套措施,杜绝红包,同时大力改革职工分配制度,使医院职工的合理利益得到满足;切实的持续的职业道德教育,多种形式的“病员满意”和创建文明单位的活动,使得“无红包”医院得以巩固和提高。     

心理障碍的文化建构--健康心理学发展中的新趋向

西方心理学发展过程中的文化转向使得文化在心理障碍建构中的作用日益突出,主要表现为:象征功能、建构功能、指导功能和唤起功能。相应地,文化对于心理障碍的建构主要通过文化基础的主观经验、悲伤惯用语、诊断、治疗和结果来进行。此种建构方式将促使心理障碍的诊断和治疗走出传统的疾病中心治疗范式,更加关注人文因素的强大作用。     

论道德建设中的公正原则

在当前情况下 ,道德建设究竟应当从何处下手 ,这是一个人言人殊的课题。公正原则既可从观念上 ,也可以从制度结构上为新时期的道德建设提供一个适合的切入口 ,进而为整个社会道德提供一个新的生长点 ;同时 ,公正原则也为我们落实和理解“以德治国”提供了一个坚实可靠的基础。     

Combinations of tense and deontic modality: On the approach to temporal logic with historical necessity and conditional obligation

We consider three infinite hierarchies of what I call “two-dimensional temporal logics with explicit realization operators”, viz. (i) one without historical or deontic modalities, (ii) one with historical but without deontic modalities, and (iii) one with historical and with dyadic deontic modalities for conditional obligation and permission. Sound and complete axiomatizations are obtained for all three hierarchies relative to a simplified version of the finite co-ordinate-system semantics given for so-called T × W logic of historical necessity in [L. Åqvist, The logic of historical necessity as founded on two-dimensional modal tense logic, J. Philos. Logic 28 (1999) 329–369].     

病人安全：概念与实例

病人安全是一个历史性、全球性的问题,各种各样的医疗错误威胁病人安全,至今在医疗保健背景下医疗错误以各种各样的形式在不断的出现。病人安全问题涉及广泛领域,如人力资源(人员培训、留住医疗专业人员)、提高工作绩效、环境安全和风险评估,具体有感染控制、安全使用药品、设备安全、安全的临床规范做法、安全保健环境和病人安全知识的构筑。这些都需要我们从系统论的角度,构建病人安全文化,加以综合治理。     

Reduction: the Cheshire cat problem and a return to roots

In this paper, I propose two theses, and then examine what the consequences of those theses are for discussions of reduction and emergence. The first thesis is that what have traditionally been seen as robust, reductions of one theory or one branch of science by another more fundamental one are a largely a myth. Although there are such reductions in the physical sciences, they are quite rare, and depend on special requirements. In the biological sciences, these prima facie sweeping reductions fade away, like the body of the famous Cheshire cat, leaving only a smile. ... The second thesis is that the “smiles” are fragmentary patchy explanations, and though patchy and fragmentary, they are very important, potentially Nobel-prize winning advances. To get the best grasp of these “smiles,” I want to argue that, we need to return to the roots of discussions and analyses of scientific explanation more generally, and not focus mainly on reduction models, though three conditions based on earlier reduction models are retained in the present analysis. I briefly review the scientific explanation literature as it relates to reduction, and then offer my account of explanation. The account of scientific explanation I present is one I have discussed before, but in this paper I try to simplify it, and characterize it as involving field elements (FE) and a preferred causal model system (PCMS) abbreviated as FE and PCMS. In an important sense, this FE and PCMS analysis locates an “explanation” in a typical scientific research article. This FE and PCMS account is illustrated using a recent set of neurogenetic papers on two kinds of worm foraging behaviors: solitary and social feeding. One of the preferred model systems from a 2002 Nature article in this set is used to exemplify the FE and PCMS analysis, which is shown to have both reductive and nonreductive aspects. The paper closes with a brief discussion of how this FE and PCMS approach differs from and is congruent with Bickle’s “ruthless reductionism” and the recently revived mechanistic philosophy of science of Machamer, Darden, and Craver.     

关于“医学检验”向“检验医学”转变的思考

“医学检验”伴随着临床化学、临床血液学、临床微生物学、临床免疫学、临床分子诊断学等学科的发展,进一步走向深化与细化。然而检验与临床之间隔阂愈演愈烈的现状,显示出还原论指导思想下的“医学检验”模式将难以适应现代医学的发展趋势,进而向着以系统论为哲学指导思想的“检验医学”模式的转变,其间正经历着一场由还原论到系统论、再实现还原论与系统论辩证统一的演化过程。     

Do higher-class individuals feel more entitled? The role of system-justifying belief

ABSTRACT

Sense of entitlement can be defined as a pervasive sense that one deserves more and is entitled to more than others. Two studies examined the relationship between social class and sense of entitlement and how this relationship is moderated by system-justifying belief (SJB) in China. In Study 1, we conducted a survey among adults (N = 669) with results showing that social class was positively correlated with sense of entitlement for those endorsing SJB, but negatively correlated with sense of entitlement for those opposing SJB. In Study 2, we conducted an experiment among undergraduates (N = 128) with both social class and SJB being primed and the results replicated the pattern: the positive effect of primed higher social class on pay entitlement existed only for those primed with high SJB, and was dampened for those primed with low SJB. Therefore, higher-class individuals do not necessarily feel more entitled, and SJB may play an important role in shaping their sense of entitlement.