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951.
Amanda M. Raines Jessica L. Walton Eliza S. McManus Lisa-Ann J. Cuccurullo Jessica Chambliss Madeline Uddo 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2017,46(2):162-173
Anxiety sensitivity (AS), a well-established individual difference variable reflecting a tendency to fear bodily sensations associated with arousal, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite these associations, little research has examined the relations between AS subfactors (eg physical, cognitive, and social) and PTSD symptoms and none have examined these associations in the context of DSM-5 (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) PTSD clusters (ie intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions/mood, and arousal). Participants included 50 veterans presenting to an outpatient Veteran Affairs Clinic for psychological services. Upon intake, veterans completed a brief battery of self-report questionnaires to assist with differential diagnosis and treatment planning. Results revealed unique associations between lower order AS dimensions, in particular the cognitive concerns dimension, and all four DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters. Given the malleable nature of AS cognitive concerns, as well as the growing number of veterans in need of care, future research should determine the extent to which targeting this cognitive risk factor reduces PTSD symptom severity among veterans. 相似文献
952.
953.
Ashley M. Shaw Julia Y. Carbonella Kimberly A. Arditte Hall Kiara R. Timpano 《The Journal of psychology》2017,151(6):532-546
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) commonly co-occurs with depression, resulting in heightened severity and poorer treatment response. Research on the associations between specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and depressive symptoms has utilized measures that have not fully considered the relationship across OCS dimensions. Little is known about which factors explain the overlap between OCS and depressive symptoms. OCS and depressive symptoms may be related via depressive cognitive styles, such as rumination or dampening (i.e., down-regulating positive emotions). We evaluated the associations of OCS dimensions with depressive symptoms and cognitive styles. We also examined the indirect effects of rumination and dampening in the relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 250) completed questionnaires online. Greater depressive symptoms, rumination, and dampening were associated with greater levels of all OCS dimensions. Path analysis was utilized to examine a model including the direct effect of depressive symptoms on overall OCS and two indirect effects (through rumination and dampening). There was a significant indirect effect of depressive cognitive styles on the relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms, through rumination and dampening. Replication in a clinical sample and experimental manipulations may bear important implications for targeting depressive cognitive styles in treatments for OCD and depression. 相似文献
954.
Few studies have focussed on the link between anxiety and inhibitory control in the absence of stimulus-driven external threat. This two-part experiment examined the interactions between (1) somatic trait anxiety, somatic situational stress (i.e. threat of electric shock), and effort, and (2) cognitive trait anxiety, cognitive situational stress (i.e. ego-threat instructions), and effort, on inhibitory processes using a Go-No-Go paradigm. Trait anxiety was operationalised using questionnaire scores and effort was operationalised using a visual analogue scale. Performance effectiveness was measured using the d′ parameter from signal detection theory and processing efficiency was indexed by the ratio of d′ to response time on correct trials. Results indicated that somatic trait anxiety and stress did not predict effectiveness or efficiency. Cognitive trait anxiety and stress were associated with both inhibitory effectiveness and efficiency deficits; however, contrary to expectations these deficits were evident at higher rather than lower mental effort. Results suggest a distinction between how somatic and cognitive anxiety manifest on tasks involving inhibitory control. 相似文献
955.
Darrell P. Rowbottom 《Studia Logica》2007,87(1):65-71
It is a common view that the axioms of probability can be derived from the following assumptions: (a) probabilities reflect
(rational) degrees of belief, (b) degrees of belief can be measured as betting quotients; and (c) a rational agent must select
betting quotients that are coherent. In this paper, I argue that a consideration of reasonable betting behaviour, with respect
to the alleged derivation of the first axiom of probability, suggests that (b) and (c) are incorrect. In particular, I show
how a rational agent might assign a ‘probability’ of zero to an event which she is sure will occur. 相似文献
956.
Adalira Sáenz-Ludlow 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(3):205-223
Historically the words representation and symbol have had overlapping meanings, meanings that usually disregard the role played
by the interpreter. Peirce’s theory of signs accounts for these meanings and also for the role of the interpreter. His theory
draws attention to the static and dynamic nature of signs. Sign interpretation can be viewed as a continuous dynamic and evolving
process. The static and dynamic nature of signs helps us understand the teaching–learning activity as a process of interpretation
on the part of teacher and students. The paper attempts to explain the classroom interpretation process on the part of the
actors involved using the Peircean theory of signs. 相似文献
957.
McClure EB Parrish JM Nelson EE Easter J Thorne JF Rilling JK Ernst M Pine DS 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(4):567-577
This study examined patterns of behavioral and emotional responses to conflict and cooperation in adolescents with anxiety/mood
disorders and healthy peers. We compared performance on and emotional responses to the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game, an economic
exchange task involving conflict and cooperation, between adolescents with anxiety/depressive disorders (A/D) (N=21) and healthy comparisons (n = 29). Participants were deceived to believe their co-player (a pre-programmed computer algorithm) was another study participant.
A/D adolescents differed significantly from comparisons in patterns of play and emotional response to the game. Specifically,
A/D participants responded more cooperatively to cooperative overtures from their co-players; A/D girls also reported more
anger toward co-players than did comparison girls. Our findings indicate that A/D adolescents, particularly females, respond
distinctively to stressful social interchanges. These findings offer a first step toward elucidating the mechanisms underlying
social impairment in youth with internalizing disorders.
This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NIMH. 相似文献
958.
Michael D. Robinson Brian P. Meier Benjamin M. Wilkowski Scott Ode 《Journal of research in personality》2007
Three studies involving 176 undergraduates examined the personality-related correlates of tendencies to slow down following errors in choice reaction time tasks. Such tendencies were hypothesized to tap individual differences in threat reactivity processes and therefore be relevant to the prediction of phobic-like fear (Study 1) and displayed anxiety as rated by informants (Studies 2 and 3). However, on the basis of the idea that high levels of extraversion may suppress threat reactivity processes, it was hypothesized that extraversion and post-error slowing tendencies would interact in predicting the dependent measures. The studies supported the latter interactive hypothesis in that post-error slowing tendencies were predictive of displayed anxiety at low, but not high, levels of extraversion. The discussion focuses on the respective roles of error-reactivity processes and extraversion in predicting behavioral inhibition and displayed anxiety. 相似文献
959.
This study compared anxiety levels and coping strategies in Israeli adults during the Al-Aqsa Intifada (n = 707) and under ballistic missile attacks targeted at Israeli civilians during the Persian Gulf War (n = 328). In view of the differences among the two disaster situations in terms of severity of impact, scope, duration, predictability, and controllability, it was hypothesized that higher levels of state anxiety would be observed for the terror attack than for the missile attack crisis. Furthermore, problem-focused coping was predicted to be more salient than emotion-focused coping during the Gulf War—at a time where more protective action could be taken. Overall, the data supported the hypotheses. The data are discussed and explicated in the context of stress and coping theory and research. 相似文献
960.
Group prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To prevent depression and anxiety, we delivered a brief, classroom-based cognitive-behavioral workshop along with ongoing Web-based materials and e-mail coaching to college students at risk for depression. At risk was defined as having mild to moderate depressive symptoms on a self-report measure of depression. Two hundred forty students were randomized into either an eight-week workshop that met in groups of 10, once per week for 2 h or into an assessment-only control group. We plan to track participants for 3 years after the workshop and here we report the 6 month preventive effects on depression and anxiety. The workshop group had significantly fewer depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms than the control group, but there was no significant difference between the conditions on depression or anxiety episodes at 6 month follow up. The workshop group had significantly better well being than the control group, and the workshop group had significantly greater improvement in optimistic explanatory style than the control group. Improved explanatory style was a significant mediator of the prevention effects from pre- to post-workshop for depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as for improved well being. 相似文献