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191.
Gero Schwenk 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2006,37(1):99-110
Summary The topic of this article is the analysis of the relations between different levels of reality. The core argument is based on considerations of both an epistemology of action and manipulative causality as a criterion of object identity. The argumentation is extended towards the concepts of self-organization and self-regulation. Finally, several views on reduction and the problems of emergence and complexity are discussed. 相似文献
192.
Robert Benne 《Dialog》2006,45(4):356-365
Abstract : The basic question regarding faith and the public square is not whether religion should become public. Rather, we should ask: how ought religion to become public? This article reviews four models: (1) the ethics of character, according to which ethically formed individuals exert indirect and unintentional influence on the public square; (2) the ethics of conscience with its indirect and intentional influence: (3) the church as social conscience with direct and intentional influence; and (4) the church with power exerting direct and intentional action. Generally, it is best for Lutherans to let direct action be carried on by the laity according to the first two models; yet, when rare yet extraordinary circumstances call for it, the church as an institution may resort to models three and four and take direct action. 相似文献
193.
Mentalization, insightfulness, and therapeutic action The importance of mental organization 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
ALAN SUGARMAN 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2006,87(4):965-987
Continuing debates over the relative importance of the role of interpretation leading to insight versus the relationship with the analyst as contributing to structural change are based on traditional defi nitions of insight as gaining knowledge of unconscious content. This defi nition inevitably privileges verbal interpretation as self‐knowledge becomes equated with understanding the contents of the mind. It is suggested that a way out of this debate is to redefi ne insight as a process, one that is called insightfulness. This term builds on concepts such as mentalization, or theory of mind, and suggests that patients present with diffi culties being able to fully mentalize. Awareness of repudiated content will usually accompany the attainment of insightfulness. But the point of insightfulness is to regain access to inhibited or repudiated mentalization, not to specifi c content, per se. Emphasizing the process of insightfulness integrates the importance of the relationship with the analyst with the facilitation of insightfulness. A variety of interventions help patients gain the capacity to refl ect upon and become aware of the intricate workings of their minds, of which verbal interpretation is only one. For example, often it seems less important to focus on a particular confl ict than to show interest in our patients’ minds. Furthermore, analysands develop insightfulness by becoming interested in and observing our minds in action. Because the mind originates in bodily experience, mental functioning will always fl uctuate between action modes of experiencing and expressing and verbal, symbolic modes. The analyst's role becomes making the patient aware of regressions to action modes, understanding the reasons for doing so, and subordinating this tendency to the verbal, symbolic mode. All mental functions work better and facilitate greater self‐regulation when they work in abstract, symbolic ways. Psychopathology can be understood as failing to develop or losing the symbolic level of organization, either in circumscribed areas or more ubiquitously. And mutative action occurs through helping our patients attain or regain the symbolic level in regard to all mental functions. Such work is best accomplished in the transference. The concept of transference of defense is expanded to all mental structure, so that transference is seen as the interpersonalization of mental structure. That is, patients transfer their mental structure, including their various levels of mentalizing, into the analytic interaction. The analyst observes all levels of the patient's mental functioning and intervenes to raise them to a symbolic one. At times, this will require action interpretations, allowing oneself to be pulled into an enactment with the patient that is then reprocessed at a verbal, symbolic level. Such actions are not corrective emotional experiences but are interpretations and confrontations of the patient's transferred mental organization at a level affectively and cognitively consistent with the level of communication. Nonetheless, the goal becomes raising the communication to a symbolic level as being able to refl ect symbolically on all aspects of one's mind with a minimum of restriction is the greatest guarantee of mental health. 相似文献
194.
PAULO MARCHON 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2006,87(1):63-81
The author examines several works of an intersubjectivist trend, as well as writings by Hanly, Cavell and Bion, defending many of the named psychoanalysts' viewpoints. These viewpoints are expressed in the search and the struggle for truth, recognizing, like Popper, that truth exists but that we cannot know with certainty whether and when we touch upon it, only that this endless effort merits a lifetime's work because it is the attempt at an encounter with ourselves‐the true encounter. The author explains the criticisms by Green of Jacobs, and defends the maintenance of ‘a certain possible neutrality’ (Eizirik). He poses some questions with regard to Ogden's ‘third subject’, considering it, among other aspects, from the supervisory point of view, which may demonstrate the existence of ‘a certain possible objectivity’ of the emotional confl ict. He develops some criticisms concerning silence as an interpretative action by Ogden, and summarizes two case histories. Both were unconsciously attempting to manipulate the analyst intensely‐one of them to get the analyst to intervene in his love life, and the other to interrupt acting out. 相似文献
195.
This study investigated beliefs about gender discrimination in opportunities for promotion in organisations and their relation
to gender and gender-focused ambivalent beliefs as measured, respectively, by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and the
Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI) (Glick and Fiske, Ambivalent sexism. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 33: pp. 115-188, San Diego, CA: Academic, 2001a). These two inventories were administered to 225 students at Flinders University
in Adelaide, Australia along with discrimination items concerning advantage, responsibility, guilt, and resentment about the
advancement of men and women in the workplace. Results showed gender differences in discrimination beliefs and in the hostile
and benevolent scales from the ASI and AMI. Gender differences and relations between these scales and the discrimination variables
were interpreted in terms of system-justification, self and group interests, and the effects of values and beliefs about deservingness
and entitlement.
This study was supported by a grant from the Australian Research Council. 相似文献
196.
Ladislav Tondl 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(1):91-110
Summary The paper emphasizes the role of knowledge dimensions of an action which could be regarded as rational. Rational action usually
results of specific decision – making process including selection, evaluation and acceptance of a preferred alternative. This
process should integrate not only various types of knowledge but also the interdisciplinary or interdepartmental knowledge
integration. The integration of knowledge may cover various forms, especially integration of knowledge relating to different
domains, of different quality, of knowledge connected with different goal-orientations. The paper stresses the role of the
hitherto known and recognized alternatives. The integration procedures should also include the integration of various spheres
and types of knowledge with accepted and justified systems of values. 相似文献
197.
研究探讨了585名7、9、11岁的小学儿童在诚实原则和集体主义价值观冲突的真实情境下的道德行为及其与道德观念的相关。结果表明,在诚实原则和集体主义价值观冲突情境下,小学儿童的道德行为主要受到诚实原则的支配,表现为:为集体说谎行为发生率都很低;随着年龄的增长,小学儿童的为集体说谎行为的发生率显著增高;小学儿童的为集体说谎行为不存在性别差异;7岁、9岁儿童的为集体说谎行为与集体观念无关,11岁儿童的为集体说谎行为与集体观念显著正相关。 相似文献
198.
199.
This paper presents people accounting—a hypothesis that describes how a simple numerical imbalance in representation along nominal social category lines can affect people’s choice of candidates in highly competitive situations (e.g., awards, jobs, etc.). For example, two scholarship finalists from California and New York may be equally qualified, but the award-winning chance for the California candidate will drop precipitously if 8 of the past 10 winners were from California. Studies 1-3 illustrate this effect. Study 4 links people accounting to intergroup fairness concerns and suggests that people accounting is more likely to occur when the category dimension is meaningful (e.g., Stanford/Princeton) than when it is not (e.g., left/right-handedness). Study 5 shows that candidates from overrepresented categories (e.g., “Californians”) must achieve higher minimum standards in order to be selected. The implication is that highly competitive decisions are often influenced by headcounts along mundane social category lines. 相似文献
200.
Hamblin’s Action-State Semantics provides a sound philosophical foundation for understanding the character of the imperative.
Taking this as our inspiration, in this paper we present a logic of action, which we call ST, that captures the clear ontological distinction between being responsible for the achievement of a state of affairs and
being responsible for the performance of an action. We argue that a relativised modal logic of type RT founded upon a ternary
relation over possible worlds integrated with a basic tense logic captures intuitions of the Hamblinian model of imperatives.
The logic implements a direct mapping of each of Hamblin’s key concepts: strategies, partial strategies and wholehearted satisfaction. 相似文献