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61.
Humans have the ability to chunk together information from nonadjacent serial positions in sequential patterns. For example,
human subjects can extrapolate the pattern, A-M-B-N-C-O-D-P-E-..., to find the missing element, Q, by sorting pattern elements
into two component interleaved subpatterns: A-B-C-D-E and M-N-O-P-... Two experiments investigated the ability of rats to
reorganize pattern elements from nonadjacent serial positions into chunks not presented by the experimenter. Rats learned
either a structured or unstructured sequence interleaved with elements of a repeating sequence (experiment 1) or an alternation
sequence (experiment 2). In both experiments, rats learned the interleaved subpatterns at different rates. Acquisition rate
was correlated with the structural properties of component subpatterns and the nature of the rules required to describe the
interleaved subpatterns. The results indicate that rats are sensitive to the organization of nonadjacent elements in serial
patterns and that they can detect and sort structural relationships in interleaved patterns.
Received: 7 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 27 January 1999 相似文献
62.
From cognition to consciousness 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Donald R. Griffin 《Animal cognition》1998,1(1):3-16
This paper proposes an extension of scientific horizons in the study of animal behavior and cognition to include conscious
experiences. From this perspective animals are best appreciated as actors rather than passive objects. A major adaptive function
of their central nervous systems may be simple, but conscious and rational, thinking about alternative actions and choosing
those the animal believes will get what it wants, or avoid what it dislikes or fears. Versatile adjustment of behavior in
response to unpredictable challenges provides strongly suggestive evidence of simple but conscious thinking. And especially
significant objective data about animal thoughts and feelings are already available, once communicative signals are recognized
as evidence of the subjective experiences they often convey to others. The scientific investigation of human consciousness
has undergone a renaissance in the 1990s, as exemplified by numerous symposia, books and two new journals. The neural correlates
of cognition appear to be basically similar in all central nervous systems. Therefore other species equipped with very similar
neurons, synapses, and glia may well be conscious. Simple perceptual and rational conscious thinking may be at least as important
for small animals as for those with large enough brains to store extensive libraries of behavioral rules. Perhaps only in
“megabrains” is most of the information processing unconscious.
Received: 23 March 1998 / Accepted: 11 April 1998 相似文献
63.
This paper explores the international implications of liberal theories which extend justice to sentient animals. In particular, it asks whether they imply that coercive military intervention in a state by external agents to prevent, halt or minimise violations of basic animal rights (‘humane intervention’) can be justified. In so doing, it employs Simon Caney's theory of humanitarian intervention and applies it to non-human animals. It argues that while humane intervention can be justified in principle using Caney's assumptions, justifying any particular intervention on behalf of animals is much more difficult – and in present circumstances impossible. If these claims are correct, a number of important conclusions follow. First, all states lack legitimacy because of the horrors that they inflict upon animals. As a result of this, all states are prima facie liable to intervention by external agents. To remedy this situation, all states have the responsibility to massively transform their relationship with non-human animals, and to build international institutions to oversee the proper protection of their most basic rights. 相似文献
64.
智能结构三层次理论述评 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
近些年来,在认知领域,理论整合的趋势日益强烈,德米特里欧提出了一个关于人类智能结构与发展的“三层次”理论,使人们看到了理论整合令人鼓舞的前景。该理论认为人类智能是一个三层次体系,包括限定了信息加工潜力的加工系统、由一组用以理解不同现实和知识领域的专门化的能力系统组成的环境指向系统以及对这些系统起监控作用的超认知系统。最后,对该理论作了评价。 相似文献
65.
Two inferential routes allow children to produce expectations about new instances of ontological categories like “animal” and “artefact.” One is to generalise information from a “look-up table” of familiar kind-concepts. The other one is to use independent expectations at the level of ontological domains. Our experiment pits these two sources of information against each other, using a sentence-judgement task associating properties with images of familiar and unfamiliar artefacts and animals. “Strange” properties are compatible with the ontological concept, but not encountered in any familiar kind. A look-up strategy would lead children to reject them and an independent expectation strategy to accept them. In both domains, we find a difference in reaction to strange properties associated with familiar vs. unfamiliar items, which shows that even young children do use independent domain-level information. We also found a U-shaped curve in propensity to use such abstract information. In addition, animal categories are the object of much more definite domain-level expectations, which supports the notion that the animal domain is more causally integrated than the artefact domain. 相似文献
66.
Private Interests Count Too 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mark S. Frankel 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(3):367-373
Along with concerns about the deleterious effects of politically driven government intervention on science are the intrusion
of private sector interests into the conduct of research and the reporting of its results. Scientists are generally unprepared
for the challenges posed by private interests seeking to advance their economic, political, or ideological agendas. They must
educate and prepare themselves for assaults on scientific freedom, not because it is a legal right, but rather because social
progress depends on it.
相似文献
Mark S. FrankelEmail: |
67.
FROMA WALSH PH.D. 《Family process》2009,48(4):481-499
The vast majority of pet owners regard their companion animals as family members, yet the role of pets in family systems and family therapy has received little attention in research, training, and practice. This article first notes the benefits of family pets and their importance for resilience. It then examines their role in couple and family processes and their involvement in relational dynamics and tensions. Next, it addresses bereavement in the loss of a cherished pet, influences complicating grief, and facilitation of mourning and adaptation. Finally, it explores the ways that clients' pets and the use of therapists' companion animals in animal‐assisted therapy can inform and enrich couple and family therapy as valuable resources in healing. 相似文献
68.
Ernest Sosa 《Philosophical Studies》2009,142(1):5-15
Belief is considered a kind of performance, which attains one level of success if it is true (or accurate), a second level
if competent (or adroit), and a third if true because competent (or apt). Knowledge on one level (the animal level) is apt
belief. The epistemic normativity constitutive of such knowledge is thus a kind of performance normativity. A problem is posed
for this account by the fact that suspension of belief seems to fall under the same sort of epistemic normativity as does
belief itself, yet to suspend is of course precisely not to perform, certainly not with the aim of truth. The paper takes up this problem, and proposes a solution that distinguishes
levels of performance norrmativity, including a first order where execution competence is in play, and a second order where
the performer must assess the risks attendant on issuing a first-order performance. This imports a level of reflective knowledge
that ascends above the animal level.
相似文献
Ernest SosaEmail: |
69.
Katherine Tullmann 《Metaphilosophy》2019,50(5):708-728
This paper reimagines the traditional problem of other minds. On a Cartesian view, the problem involves humans’ inability to perceive other persons’ minds. Similarly, Gilbert Ryle claims that we cannot directly access another’s mind. The paper’s rethinking of the problem of other minds moves beyond these questions of perceptibility and accessibility. It asks whether there are certain groups of people whose minds are systematically misinterpreted, or even denied mentality. It argues that there are. This claim builds off recent work in philosophy and social psychology on epistemic injustice and the role of social categories in mental state attribution. The paper proposes the Problem of the Other’s Mind: the phenomenon of a (relatively) socially privileged person’s inability or lack of desire to understand the mind of a (relatively) socially underprivileged person. 相似文献
70.
The main aim of this paper is to highlight the need to address the conceptual problem of ‘implicit knowledge’ or ‘implicit cognition’ — a notion especially important in the study of the nonverbal minds of animals and infants. We review some uses of the term ‘implicit’ in psychology and allied disciplines, and conclude that conceptual clarification of this notion is not only lacking, but largely avoided and reduced to a methodological problem. We propose that this elusive notion is central in the study not only of animal and infant minds, but also the human adult mind. Some promising approaches in developmental and evolutionary psychology towards innovative conceptualization of implicit knowledge remain conceptually underdeveloped and in need of reconsideration and re-elaboration. We conclude by suggesting that the challenge of implicit cognition and nonverbal minds will only be solved through a concerted interdisciplinary approach between psychology and other disciplines. 相似文献