Modelo explicativo del desarrollo temprano cognitivo,motor y de lenguaje en infantes chilenos de nivel socioeconómico bajo

Resumen

El propósito de este estudio fue generar un modelo explicativo del desarrollo infantil al año de edad, considerando variables de la familia y del niño. La muestra se compuso de 57 niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Se aplicaron la Escala de Desarrollo Infantil de Bayley (BSID III), el Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI- SF) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Mediante análisis de regresión múltiple se construyeron modelos explicativos, encontrándose un mayor número de factores relacionados con la familia y el contexto que explican el desarrollo en lenguaje, mientras que en desarrollo cognitivo y motor se combinan características del niño y la familia. Se discute la relevancia de estos resultados para el diseño de políticas públicas.     

Falsas memorias en el recuerdo y reconocimiento de Palabras

Resumen

En esta investigación se estudian las falsas memorias en el recuerdo y reconocimiento de listas de palabras fuertemente asociadas a una palabra crítica no presentada. Sólo la mitad de los sujetos hicieron recuerdo tras la presentación de cada lista, pero todos ellos respondieron posteriormente a una prueba de reconocimiento que incluía palabras presentadas, críticas y distractoras. Los sujetos recordaron las palabras críticas no presentadas en el 38% de los casos, las reconocieron en más del 70% de la ocasiones y atribuyeron el origen de sus respuestas a la presencia de las palabras críticas en las listas. Casi todas las palabras críticas producidas en el recuerdo previo fueron posteriormente reconocidas, mientras que las no producidas sólo se reconocieron en la mitad de las ocasiones. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados y se plantean diversas interpretaciones para el fenómeno de las falsas memorias.     

Evaluación estática versus evaluación dinámica. Una comparación experimental

Resumen

El objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en plantear de manera experimental qué tipo de evaluación predice mejor el aprendizaje: una evaluación estática tradicional o una evaluación más dinámica basada en el concepto vygotskyano de “zona de desarrollo próximo”. Para ello, y partiendo de un contenido escolar procedimental, la resolución de problemas de matemáticas, hemos diseñado una serie de medidas dinámicas a las que hemos denominado “aprendizaje” y “transferencia” y las hemos comparado con las medidas más habituales de tipo estático. A través de un diseño correlacional hemos comprobado que la evaluación dinámica predice mejor el aprendizaje que la evaluación estática.     

Similitudes et différences de perceptions chez des salariés hommes et femmes

This study investigates men and women perceptions in the work, accros the relations between work conditions and job satisfaction. Similarity and difference are questionned about the mean dimensions of the work conditions (factor analysis) as well as the prédictive value of theses dimensions for the job satisfaction (regression analysis). In the same point of view, similarity and difference are analysed about health, importance of life domains and work-family interferences. Men and women seem to organize in the same way work conditions. Three factors are retained (Relations with superiors, Development and autonomy, Work intensity), wich the first two predict job satisfaction, for the men and the women. Nevertheless we note some differences, both about the force of the prediction and about specific item. Results and and futur works are discussed.     

Sens du travail et rapports vie de travail - vie hors travail chez trois catégories de télétravailleurs et chez les travailleurs classiques

Telework, namely so remote work, is composed of three basic forms: home based-telework, alternated telework and mobile telework. These three basic forms of telework and the traditional form of work are compared to identify their respective impact on work centrality, work social representation, and on relations between work life and out of work life. The mobile teleworkers present a high work centrality and the alternated teleworkers, a high family centrality. Concerning the representation, only mobile teleworkers and home based teleworkers cannot think the work without the basic knowledge of constraint. For the exchanges between work of life and out of work life, traditional workers separate their domains of life even though alternated teleworkers and home based-teleworkers combinate it. Mobile teleworkers develop exchanges between some domains of life.This study proves that it is not necessary to reason globally but to consider the specificity of each telework forms introduced or to implant in a organization.     

Factorial validation and measurement invariance of the French version of the multidimensional competitive orientation inventory (FVMCOI) in the sport field

IntroductionLittle is known about the importance of the adaptive, maladaptive and neutral facets of competitive orientations among French athletes.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to test the factorial validation and measurement invariance of the French version of the multidimensional competitive orientation inventory (FVMCOI) from the original version (MCOI, Orosz et al., 2018), which included 12 items and four factors (i.e., hypercompetitive orientation, self-developmental competitive orientation, anxiety-driven competition avoidance, and lack of interest toward competition).MethodA series of three complementary studies was carried out with a total sample of 891 competitors.ResultsFollowing cross-cultural validation methods a preliminary version of the FVMCOI was constructed and the clarity of its items was established (study 1). Then, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) confirmed that the four-factor model for the FVMCOI was factorially valid, and consistent with the model of the original version. As such, the multiple-group invariance tests showed that the FVMCOI was partially invariant across both age and gender and fully invariant across type of sport, level of competition and over time (study 2). Finally, the concurrent validity of the FVMCOI was demonstrated through its expected relationships with achievement goals, competitive aggressiveness and anger in sport (study 3).ConclusionThe establishment of the FVMCOI extends the research in sport psychology by allowing an extensive psychometric study of the MCOI in the sport domain and providing deeper insights into the healthy, unhealthy, and neutral nature of competitive orientation in this context. The FVMCOI's potential practical applications in sport context, with some limitations and perspectives of this study, are also discussed.     

Depression screening and treatment among uninsured populations in Primary Care

Uninsured populations have poor treatment engagement and are less likely to receive evidence-based interventions for depression. The objective of the current study was to retrospectively examine depression screening, diagnosis, and treatment patterns among uninsured patients in primary care. Study sample included all patients (N = 11,803) seen in nine community-based clinics. Key variables included depression screener and/or a depression diagnosis, anti-depressant initiation, behavioral health visits, and patient follow up measures. Treatment patterns from the subsample of patients diagnosed with depression were analyzed by collecting the number of behavioral health visits and antidepressant use six months (180 days) following the diagnosis. Utilization of the depression screening tool was high (67%, n = 7,935) and 24% (n = 2,789) of the patients had a diagnosis of depression, however, more than half of the patients with a depression diagnosis did not have a recorded treatment plan (n = 1,474). The odds of anti-depressant use and behavioral visits for Hispanic patients were significantly greater than for Non-Hispanic patients. Universal screening with brief measures in primary care is improving, however, guideline-concordant depression treatment remains elusive for uninsured populations.     

Optic aphasia, optic apraxia, and loss of dreaming

A 47-year-old man with a left temporo-occipital infarct in the area of the posterior cerebral artery is presented. The neuropsychological examination did not reveal aphasia or gross mental deficits. The patient presented with alexia without agraphia, color agnosia, but few visual perceptual deficits. The main impairment was in confrontation naming; he was incapable of naming objects and pictures, not from lack of recognition (excluding visual agnosia) but from lack of access to the appropriate word (optic aphasia). The patient also exhibited a deficit in the evocation of gesture from the visual presentation of an object (optic apraxia) and a difficulty in "conjuring up" visual images of objects (impaired visual imagery) and loss of dreams. The fundamental deficit of this patient is tentatively explained in terms of visuoverbal and visuogestural disconnection and a deficit of mental imagery.     

Psicología Diferencial, ¿Ciencia o Tecnología?

RESUMEN

En este trabajo Antonio Caparrós analiza, desde el punto de vista de la historia y epistemología de la psicología, el enfoque de Royce, Forteza y Prieto acerca del “status” científico de la Psicología Diferencial. El autor sintetiza en nueve puntos sus reflexiones, manifiestando que el proyecto completo de la Psicología Diferencial debe situarse más en el marco de las necesidades tecnológicas, cuyos fines específicos no son como los de los paradigmas explicativos de la ciencia en sentido estricto. Los dos últimos puntos se reservan al análisis de las interacciones entre ciencia y tecnología a lo largo de la historia, que contribuye a aclarar las relaciones entre algunos de los modelos de la psicología general y/o experimental y otros diferenciales.