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131.
Matthias Adam 《Synthese》2007,158(1):93-108
Scientific claims can be assessed epistemically in either of two ways: according to scientific standards, or by means of philosophical
arguments such as the no-miracle argument in favor of scientific realism. This paper investigates the basis of this duality
of epistemic assessments. It is claimed that the duality rests on two different notions of epistemic justification that are
well-known from the debate on internalism and externalism in general epistemology: a deontological and an alethic notion.
By discussing the conditions for the scientific acceptability of empirical results, it is argued that intrascientific justification
employs the deontological notion. Philosophical disputes such as those on scientific realism can by contrast be shown to rest
on the alethic notion. The implications of these findings both for the nature of the respective epistemic projects and for
their interrelation are explored. 相似文献
132.
“We Never was Happy Living Like a Whiteman” : Mental Health Disparities and the Postcolonial Predicament in American Indian Communities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gone JP 《American journal of community psychology》2007,40(3-4):290-300
In the context of increasing attention to disparities in health status between U.S. ethnoracial groups, this article examines the dilemma of divergent cultural practices for redressing disparities in mental health status in American Indian communities. Drawing upon an ethnographic interview with a tribal elder from a northern Plains Indian reservation, a prototypical discourse of distress is presented and analyzed as one exemplar of the divergence between the culture of the clinic and the culture of the community. Situated in the context of continuing power asymmetries between tribal nations and the U.S. federal government, the implications of this cultural divergence for the efforts of mental health professionals, practitioners, and policymakers are identified as a predicament that only the conventions and commitments of a robust community psychology have the potential to resolve. 相似文献
133.
Janet S. St. Lawrence Tracey E. Wilson Gloria D. Eldridge Ted L. Brasfield Robert E. O'Bannon III 《American journal of community psychology》2001,29(6):937-964
A community-based sample of disadvantaged African American women (n = 445) was recruited to participate in 1 of 3 theoretically driven experimental interventions based on either the theory of gender and power, social learning theory, or cognitive behavioral theory. Intervention outcomes were compared with a waiting list control condition. From baseline to postintervention, women in the experimental interventions showed differential change on cognitive indices (knowledge and attitudes) and skill acquisition (partner negotiation skills, correct condom application, lubricant selection, and information-provision to social networks) whereas control participants were unchanged. Women in the 3 experimental interventions also completed follow-up assessments for 1 year following the interventions. In all 3 experimental conditions, condom use increased relative to the control group and there were no differences between the experimental interventions. Women who participated in one of the theoretically grounded interventions continued to increase condom use over the following year. Women entering new relationships reported significantly more condom use than did women who remained in ongoing relationships. The findings suggest that intervention models that have proven effective for women who engage in high-risk behavior may be less effective for women in established relationships for whom risk is primarily derived from the extrarelationship behavior of their partners. 相似文献
134.
Jacqueline S. Mattis Yohance F. Murray Carrie A. Hatcher Kimberly D. Hearn G. Dawn Lawhon Eleanor J. Murphy Tracee A. Washington 《Journal of Adult Development》2001,8(4):221-230
The present study fills a crucial gap in literature surrounding the lives of African American men by exploring factors that shape the quality of these men's friendships. Drawing on data from a sample of 171 African American men, the study examines the relative utility of subjective religiosity, subjective spirituality, advice exchange, and affective sharing as predictors of the level of perceived support from male and female friends. Findings reveal age differences in subjective religiosity, subjective spirituality, and in level of advice and affective exchange in men's same-sex as well as cross-sex friendships. Age differences emerged in men's perceptions of the supportiveness of their friendships with women but not with men. Age was not a predictor of perceived supportiveness of same-sex or cross-sex friendships. Subjective religiosity did not predict support in same-sex or cross-sex friendships. Subjective spirituality positively predicted perceived support in men's same-sex friendships but not in cross-sex friendships. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
135.
NiCole T. Buchanan Isis H. Settles Ivan H. C. Wu Diane S. Hayashino 《Women & Therapy》2018,41(3-4):261-280
ABSTRACTHarassment of Asian American (AA) women has received little attention in popular culture and academic research despite their long legacy of sexualized racial stereotyping (e.g., Geisha, sexually submissive; Shimizu, 2007) and additional risk of mistreatment due to their membership in both marginalized gender and racial groups (Beale, 1970; Settles & Buchanan, 2014). This study addresses this dearth of research using an intersectional theoretical framework to comprehensively examine sexual and racial harassment with a sample of AA women. Results validated the underlying factor structure of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (Fitzgerald, Gelfand, & Drasgow, 1995) and the Racial Acts, Crimes, and Experiences Scale (RACES; Bergman & Buchanan, 2008) for AA women. Additionally, our results replicated previous research indicating that participants often reported experiencing behaviors that constitute harassment, but did not label them as such. This supports the use of behavioral measures over items that require individuals to label their experiences as harassment. Finally, we examined the associations between these forms of harassment and two indicators of psychological well-being, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS). Our results found that gender harassment was associated with more depression, whereas unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercion, and racial harassment were associated with increased PTS. This supports the utility of including both sexual and racial harassment in providing a more nuanced understanding of AA women’s harassment experiences overall and the relationship of harassment to psychological well-being. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications of these findings. 相似文献
136.
137.
《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2017,45(1):20-36
This study examined the differences in mental health and substance use by gender and across education levels of 634 American Indians from 4 eastern tribes. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that men self‐rated significantly better mental health but binge drank and used illicit drugs more often compared with women. Participants with a post–high school degree had significantly better mental health than those without a high school diploma. As education increased, cigarette smoking significantly decreased. Implications for culturally appropriate interventions are discussed. Este estudio examinó las diferencias en salud mental y abuso de sustancias entre distintos sexos y niveles de educación de 634 indios americanos de 4 tribus del este. El análisis multivariante de la varianza indicó que los hombres autoevaluaron su salud mental como significativamente mejor, pero consumían alcohol en exceso y usaban drogas ilícitas con más frecuencia que las mujeres. Los participantes con un grado superior a la enseñanza secundaria tenían una salud mental significativamente mejor que aquellos que no terminaron la enseñanza secundaria. A niveles educativos mayores, la incidencia de fumadores disminuyó significativamente. Se discuten implicaciones para intervenciones culturalmente apropiadas. 相似文献
138.
Nancy A. Gonzales Ana Mari Cauce Ruth J. Friedman Craig A. Mason 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(3):365-387
Using a 1-year prospective design, this study examined the influence of family status variables (family income, parental education, family structure), parenting variables (maternal support and restrictive control), peer support, and neighborhood risk on the school performance of 120 African American junior high school students. In addition to main effects of these variables, neighborhood risk was examined as a moderator of the effects of parenting and peer support. Family status variables were not predictive of adolescent school performance as indexed by self-reported grade point average. Maternal support at Time 1 was prospectively related to adolescent grades at Time 2. Neighborhood risk was related to lower grades, while peer support predicted better grades in the prospective analyses. Neighborhood risk also moderated the effects of maternal restrictive control and peer support on adolescent grades in prospective analyses. These findings highlight the importance of an ecological approach to the problem of academic underachievement within the African American community. 相似文献
139.
Albert J. Brok 《Group》1997,21(4):291-294
Many clinicians interested in group and psychoanalytic thought have followed idiosyncratic and personally constructed modes of preparation. Formal training programs tend to differ in terms of emphasis on degree of previous analytic experience, quantity of supervision, number of courses, requirements to have personal analytic group therapy, as well as length of time required to lead an analytic group. The process of psychoanalytic clinical work seems to have been temporarily idealized but essentially resisted by long ingrained North American pragmatic and spiritual value systems. This has resulted in what has amounted to a 50 year flirtation, rather than identification, with Psychoanalysis by American professional culture. The depth of curative experience for patients and the intensity of clinical acumen for practitioners make an analytic perspective important to maintain. 相似文献
140.
Using Problem-Behavior Theory as a framework, the latent structure of problem and positive behaviors was examined within a sample of 1,894 American Indian adolescents. Support was found for a two-factor second-order structure in which problem behaviors (antisocial behavior, alcohol use, drug use, and risky sexual behavior) and positive behaviors (school success, cultural activities, competencies, and community-mindedness) represented two relatively uncorrelated aspects of behavior. Hierarchical multiple regressions demonstrated that the positive behaviors construct contributed significant incremental construct validity in the statistical prediction of psychosocial outcomes, over and above the problem behaviors. In addition, the fit of the structure was examined across gender and the four participating communities. The importance of the inclusion of positive behaviors is discussed from the standpoint of both prevention/promotion activities and the communities' perceptions. Further recommendations are made for deeper understandings of community concerns and strengths in conducting preventive/promotive research efforts. 相似文献