Children's note taking as a mnemonic tool

When given the opportunity to take notes in memory tasks, children sometimes make notes that are not useful. The current study examined the role that task constraints might play in the production of nonmnemonic notes. In Experiment 1, children played one easy and one difficult memory game twice, once with the opportunity to make notes and once without that opportunity. More children produced functional notations for the easier task than for the more difficult task, and their notations were beneficial to memory performance. Experiment 2 found that the majority of children who at first made nonmnemonic notations were able to produce functional notations with minimal training, and there was no significant difference in notation quality or memory performance between spontaneous and trained note takers. Experiment 3 revealed that the majority of children could transfer their training to a novel task. The results suggest that children’s production of nonmnemonic notes may be due in part to a lack of knowledge regarding what task information is important to represent or how to represent it in their notes rather than to an inability to make functional notes in general.     

It’s not just what you say but when you say it: Self-presentation and temporal construal

Three experiments demonstrated that the use and effectiveness of self-presentation strategies are affected by time. In Experiment 1, participants used more indirect self-presentation statements for the distant than near future, but used more direct self-presentation statements for the near than distant future. In Experiment 2, participants for whom indirect self-presentation strategies were made accessible rated a future interview as more temporally distant than those for whom direct self-presentation strategies were made accessible. In Experiment 3, participants rated their self-presentation attempts as more effective if they used direct strategies for the near future and indirect strategies for the distant future. Implications for studying the timing of self-presentation and its relation to temporal construal levels are discussed.     

Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: grade and gender differences,and cross‐informant agreement

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to analyze the frequency of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression as well as victimization across two genders and grades and (2) to assess the concordance among different informants. According to the answers provided by 257 fifth and seventh graders (mean age 11.4 and 13.5, respectively) in the Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior Questionnaire, four types of ratings were calculated: same‐ and opposite‐gender rating, rating by both genders, and self‐report. Additionally, teacher ratings were collected. In contrast to earlier findings, boys were found to be directly, as well as indirectly, more aggressive than girls, thus challenging the universality of indirect aggression as a strategy more frequently employed by girls. Consistencies among different informants varied, with peers showing the strongest agreement with each other and self‐views conforming the least to other ratings.Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

中学生学习策略的结构与使用特点

本文采用修订的中学生学习策略量表,系统考察了初一到高三1341名中学生学习策略的使用情况。结果表明:①本次修订的中学生学习策略量表具有良好的信度和效度,划分为认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略的结构合理;②中学生在认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略的使用上有随年级增长而下降的趋势,在资源管理策略上女生得分明显高于男生;③时间管理策略、努力策略和支持寻求策略对初中生的学习成绩有正向预测作用,调节策略和努力策略对高中生的学习成绩有正向预测作用,而支持寻求策略有负向预测作用。     

无痛人流不同麻醉的比较

为了更好地实行无痛人流,提高无痛人流的镇痛效果、降低麻醉风险及提高患者满意度,用比较治疗学的理念及方法对目前国内报道的一些主要无痛人流的麻醉方法进行比较和分析。结果发现镇静药丙泊酚与强效镇痛药复合应用于无痛人流安全有效。比较治疗学方法有助于无痛人流不同麻醉的临床抉择。     

南京居民医疗服务潜在需求成因分析及其合理转化建议

通过南京市8个区、县4873户居民的基线调查,掌握居民对医疗服务的实际利用情况,通过比较医疗需求与利用之间的差距,发现存在很大的潜在医疗服务需求市场。从医疗服务供需双方分析其产生的原因,找出医疗服务需求与利用的主要影响因素,从而探讨如何将这部分潜在需求合理转化。     

控制策略的毕生发展

控制策略是可以应用于一生发展的生活管理策略.本文对上海地区的5个年龄段(小学、中学、大学、中年、老年)473名被试进行研究,结果表明①不同年龄人群使用控制策略存在差异.②在所有年龄阶段,最优化和初级控制策略表现出首要地位.③针对不同资源领域状况,被试使用不同控制策略.     

复杂胫骨平台骨折处理的临床决策

复杂胫骨平台骨折处理相当困难,治疗上存在着一系列矛盾,准确的骨折分型和软组织损伤情况评估,合理的手术入路和手术时机选择,重视复位、固定方式和方法及软组织保护,双下肢同时消毒包扎为术中快速的体位转换提供了方便,一系列临床决策极大地提高了复杂胫骨平台骨折的治疗水平。     

A model of working memory capacity in the radial-arm maze task

The radial arm maze is one of the most commonly used tests for assessing working memory in laboratory animals. However, to date, there exists no quantitative method of estimating working memory capacity from performance on this task. Here, we present a mathematical model of performance on the radial arm maze from which we can derive estimates of capacity. We derive explicit results for the two most commonly used measures of performance as functions of number of arms in the maze and memory capacity, assuming a uniform random search. We simulate random non-uniform search strategies. Comparing our model to previous experiments, we show that our model predicts a working memory capacity in the range of 3-9 at the level of performance observed in these experiments. This estimate is within the typical estimate of human working memory capacity. Performance of rats on large mazes (e.g. 48 arms) has been used as evidence that the working memory capacity of rats may be significantly larger than that of humans. We report that memory capacity in the range 3-9 is sufficient to explain the performance of rats in very large radial mazes. Furthermore, when we simulate non-uniform random search strategies observed in the experiments, the resulting estimates do not differ significantly from those assuming a uniform random search. We conclude that a list-based model of working memory with modest capacity is more powerful than previously expected.