城乡普高生与中职生对未来的规划和态度

以1995名城乡普高生和中职生为被试,采用未来取向问卷(中文版),考察了普高生和中职生对未来的规划和态度的基本特点。研究发现:(1)总体上,普高生对未来教育的投入水平高于中职生,对未来教育和职业目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。此外,城市普高生对未来教育的探索水平高于城市中职生,但对未来婚姻/家庭的投入水平低于城市中职生;农村普高生对未来职业的探索和投入水平均低于农村中职生。(2)农村青少年对未来职业和婚姻/家庭的投入水平高于城市青少年,且对未来教育目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。(3)男青少年对未来教育的投入水平低于女青少年,对未来婚姻/家庭的探索和投入水平高于女青少年,且农村男青少年比农村女青少年对未来婚姻/家庭目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。     

作为情境变量的移情对暴力态度的影响

本研究将移情作为影响个体暴力态度的情境变量,通过对移情的启动来考察状态移情对暴力态度的影响。实验1在启动被试的移情感后,采用暴力IAT的方法考察被试内隐暴力态度的变化;实验2则在移情启动之后,用FMMU变态人格危险性评估问卷中的冲动倾向（VIO）考察被试的外显暴力的变化。实验结果显示,在启动被试的移情感后,我们没有发现被试的内隐和外显暴力态度发生显著变化,但经移情和性别的交互作用检验后发现,移情的启动减弱了男性被试的外显暴力态度,而对女性被试没有影响。研究结果表明,移情与暴力态度之间不存在内隐联结关系。根据以往的研究结果,移情对暴力态度的影响一是取决于意识层面的认知加工过程,二是与个体的特质性移情水平的高低有关。     

“词语自由联想”视域下医护人员形象调查——公众与医护人员的认知态度比较

言语行为可以反映认知态度,利用心理学的“自由联想法”对公众与医护人员进行针对医护人员形象的调查,以获得他们心目中描述医护人员形象的词语.按照他们头脑中出现的顺序进行加权统计;计算积极、中性和消极词语的比例.调查发现,公众对医护人员形象的认知态度存在矛盾;同时医护人员对自身职业评价较低;二者通过联想获得贬义词分值较高,原因是医护人员普遍被认为劳动强度大、职业安全感小等.运用社会认知心理学的平衡理论进行分析以期获得提升认知态度,改善医患关系的新途径.     

Do you find exercise pleasant or unpleasant? The Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire

Suggestions that affective experiences may influence exercise motivation have commonly appeared since the dawn of exercise psychology. However, a measure that captures the nature, the antecedents, and the motivational implications of such experiences has been lacking. We developed the Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire to assess the constructs within a conceptual model, according to which core affective exercise experiences (pleasure-displeasure, energy-tiredness, calmness-tension) are influenced by six antecedent appraisals and, in turn, shape attraction or antipathy towards exercise. We report results from three studies (N = 1799) evaluating internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factorial, convergent, discriminant, construct, and criterion validity. We show that attraction-antipathy correlates with vigorous (0.55) and moderate-to-vigorous (0.48) self-reported physical activity, and accounts for 11–12% and 6–7% of additional variance, respectively, beyond variance explained by self-efficacy and behavioral intention. Affective exercise experiences warrant further study as possible contributors to motivation. The AFFEXX is available from this link: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EF76R.     

Belief in altruistic human nature and prosocial behavior: a serial mediation analysis

According to the theory of internal working model, belief in altruistic human nature positively influences prosocial behavior. However, the precise influencing mechanism remains unclear. Based on the determinants of human behavior theory and self-efficacy theory, we hypothesized that belief in altruistic human nature indirectly influences prosocial behavior through causally linked multiple mediators of prosocial attitude and prosocial self-efficacy. The results of the current research supported our hypothesis and demonstrated that this serial mediation model could be generalized across individualistic and collectivistic cultures.     

Attitudes,norms and driving behaviour: A comparison of young drivers in South Africa and Sweden

Culture is increasingly recognised among traffic psychologists to be a factor influencing driving behaviour. This study examines whether a cultural background characterised by rapid social change and high levels of violence and aggression, as in the South African context, has any discernible influences on driving standards or the behaviour of individual drivers. The experiences and attitudes of young drivers in South Africa are compared with a group of young drivers from Sweden, a country whose society has exhibited high levels of stability and where road user behaviour is renowned for its restraint and compliance with regulations.The two cohorts provide information about their exposure to traffic injuries, their attitudes to other drivers and to a range of traffic offences, and to the types of behaviour they personally engage in. Among the South African respondents the notion of a declining standard of driving emerges very clearly, and specific new norms of driving are identified. Such norms are explained to be a consequence of new social values or challenges inherent within contemporary South African society.