Children and Political Violence from a Social Ecological Perspective: Implications from Research on Children and Families in Northern Ireland

The effects on children of political violence are matters of international concern, with many negative effects well-documented. At the same time, relations between war, terrorism, or other forms of political violence and child development do not occur in a vacuum. The impact can be understood as related to changes in the communities, families and other social contexts in which children live, and in the psychological processes engaged by these social ecologies. To advance this process-oriented perspective, a social ecological model for the effects of political violence on children is advanced. This approach is illustrated by findings and methods from an ongoing research project on political violence and children in Northern Ireland. Aims of this project include both greater insight into this particular context for political violence and the provision of a template for study of the impact of children’s exposure to violence in other regions of the world. Accordingly, the applicability of this approach is considered for other social contexts, including (a) another area in the world with histories of political violence and (b) a context of community violence in the US.     

仁慈抑或正义——现代社会保障的道德基础

社会保障作为一项社会安全制度 ,需要道德的辩护与支持。仁慈因其非约束性、等级次第性并带有施舍色彩的天然弱点 ,使其不能成为现代社会保障制度的道德基础 ,而正义则以其“应得”和“法度”的内涵获得了构成社会保障道德根基的资格。然而 ,正义的社会保障制度 ,仍需仁慈为其运行提供必要的道德心理支持。     

Parental Dysphoria and Children’s Adjustment: Marital Conflict Styles,Children’s Emotional Security,and Parenting as Mediators of Risk

Dimensions of martial conflict, children's emotional security regarding interparental conflict, and parenting style were examined as mediators between parental dysphoria and child adjustment. A community sample of 262 children, ages 8–16, participated with their parents. Behavioral observations were made of parents’ interactions during marital conflict resolution tasks, which children later observed to assess their emotional security. Questionnaires assessed parents’ dysphoria, parenting, and children's adjustment. Structural equation modeling indicated that parental dysphoria was linked with child adjustment through specific and distinct mediating family processes, including marital conflict and parenting. Children's emotional security in the context of particular marital conflict styles also mediated relations between parental dysphoria and child adjustment problems, with similar pathways found for mothers and fathers. These pathways remained significant even after significant parenting contributions were considered.     

断裂与弥补：农民工医疗保障的理性思考

农民工是我国社会转型时期一个不可忽视的庞大群体,但他们的医疗保障状况令人担忧,医疗卫生在不同人群中的公平性问题日益暴露,鉴于此,我们需要宏观合理的观念指导,改革户籍制度,整合城乡医疗保障制度,分阶段和分项目地实施农民工医疗保障改革,并以企业、个人、第三方组织和政府的共同合力作用,弥补长期困扰农民工城市生存的医疗保障问题。     

经阴道超声检查的医学伦理学思考

经阴道超声（transvaginal ultrasound,TVS）检查是妇产科的一项重要检查技术,应坚持将患者的利益放在首位。在检查前应首先充分告知患者检查的必要性、安全性,让患者理解,并征得其同意,检查时应注意保护患者的隐私,检查后不泄露患者的秘密,全心全意为患者服务,真正做到以患者为中心,共建和谐医院、和谐社会。     

医疗救助制度与主体医疗保障制度衔接与整合研究

对江苏省城乡医疗救助制度和主体医疗保障制度衔接与整合方式进行概述,并就进一步优化城乡医疗救助制度和主体医疗保障制度衔接、整合提出几点意见：充分认识其现实意义、改进和保持两类医保方案间衔接、多途径实现实时救助以及营造有利城乡医疗救助管理运行体制创新的外部环境。     

面孔可信度对助人行为的影响：依恋安全的调节作用

分别从特质依恋和状态依恋角度考察施助者的依恋安全在求助者面孔可信度与助人行为之间的调节作用。结果发现：(1)求助者面孔可信度影响助人行为, 面孔可信度高的求助者得到的助人行为显著多于面孔可信度低的求助者; (2)施助者的依恋安全调节求助者面孔可信度与助人行为之间的关系, 安全依恋能有效缓冲低面孔可信度带来助人行为下降的趋势。本研究结果表明依恋安全有助于提升社会安全感和促进亲社会行为, 因此应注重依恋安全的培养。     

CAT中结合贝叶斯方法与序贯监测程序的题库质量监控技术

Zhang(2013)提出了序贯监测程序(SMP)用以检测CAT中的题目在作答过程中是否发生泄漏。然而,该方法会出现虚报且未关注在题目泄漏后,对能力估计精度产生的影响。本研究在SMP基础上引入个人拟合指标,提出SMP_PFI方法,拟在给定的置信度上核实被SMP标记的题目是否真正泄漏,并探查SMP_PFI方法对能力估计精度与被封存题目数量关系的影响。实验结果表明：新方法能够有效降低SMP单独运行时的一类错误。通过控制CPFI值能够平衡能力估计精度与被封存题目数量之间的关系。     

论老年人长期照护机构安全保障义务

老年人长期照护机构安全保障义务纠纷存在法律适用偏差,部分案件以公平责任原则替代过错责任原则、合理限度不清晰、第三人侵权下机构承担责任方式和是否享有追偿权有不同认识。安全保障义务属于法定的危险防免义务。合理限度取决于对危险源的控制能力、因危险源收益大小、避免损失的成本、经营专业性、受害人特殊信赖关系及对危险规避能力等。长期照护安全保障事故诱发因素多、因果关系复杂、当事人举证能力弱、过度关怀的长期照护预期与服务有效供给不足的矛盾突出。长期照护机构应“以人为本”,提高设施环境安全性、服务队伍专业性、安全保障措施有效性。

     

主观社会经济地位与心理幸福感的关系：创造力的中介和安全感的调节作用

为探讨主观社会经济地位对心理幸福感的影响,以及创造力的中介作用和安全感的调节作用,采用问卷法调查了556名18～60岁城市成年人的主观社会经济地位、安全感、创造力和心理幸福感。结果发现：(1)主观社会经济地位正向预测心理幸福感;(2)性格优势之创造力是主观社会经济地位与心理幸福感的中介变量;(3)安全感调节了中介过程的前半路径。只有当个体的安全感较高时,主观社会经济地位对创造力才存在显著的正向预测作用。结果表明,提升社会经济地位的同时,还需要提升个体的安全感,这样才能更好地促进创造力的发展,并进一步增加个体的心理幸福感。