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181.
To solve low convergence precision and slow convergence speed, a pseudo-dynamic search ant colony optimization algorithm with improved negative feedback mechanism (PACON) is proposed. Firstly, the algorithm introduces an angle in the pheromone transfer rule. Through the rule for calculating the angle, multiple cities with smaller angles are also included in the next candidate city list. It affects the probability of city selection and enhances the algorithm’ performance to avoid local optimization. Secondly, the algorithm updates the pheromone concentrations on the worst and optimal path simultaneously, and enhances the weights of the pheromone concentrations on the optimal path. It improves the convergence speed of the algorithm. Based on experiments adopting TSPLIB data sets, the results demonstrate the improved algorithm improves the convergence accuracy by at least 1.26% and increases the convergence speed by at least 9.5%, both on large-scale and small-scale urban data. The novel algorithm will improve convergence precision and speed better. 相似文献
182.
183.
Edward C. P. Stewart 《Zygon》1987,22(1):87-107
Abstract. Suffering, alongside the feeling of sanctity of life, pervades human experience, generating primal anxiety, which humans learn to shore up with social solidarity and with the practice of communication in religious rituals. The roots of social belonging spring from the primordial sentiments toward ethnicity, race, language, religion, customs and traditions, and region. Self–identity, mediated by mental formations derived from social relations, is composed of thinking and values. Daily experience reveals that cultural differences produce blind spots in thinking and barriers in values—-governing areas of activity, social relations, the world, and identity of being—-that impedes cross—-cultural understanding. 相似文献
184.
Vartan Choulakian 《Psychometrika》1988,53(2):235-250
Goodman's (1979, 1981, 1985) loglinear formulation for bi-way contingency tables is extended to tables with or without missing cells and is used for exploratory purposes. A similar formulation is done for three-way tables and generalizations of correspondence analysis are deduced. A generalized version of Goodman's algorithm, based on Newton's elementary unidimensional method is used to estimate the scores in all cases.This research was partially supported by National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant No. A8724. The author is grateful to the reviewers and the editor for helpful comments. 相似文献
185.
Saito and Otsu (1988) compared their OSMOD method of nonmetric principal-component analysis to an early and incorrect implementation of the PRINCIPALS algorithm of Young, Takane, and de Leeuw (1978). In this comment we present results from the current, correct implementations of the algorithm. 相似文献
186.
A plausibles-factor solution for many types of psychological and educational tests is one that exhibits a general factor ands − 1 group or method related factors. The bi-factor solution results from the constraint that each item has a nonzero loading
on the primary dimension and at most one of thes − 1 group factors. This paper derives a bi-factor item-response model for binary response data. In marginal maximum likelihood
estimation of item parameters, the bi-factor restriction leads to a major simplification of likelihood equations and (a) permits
analysis of models with large numbers of group factors; (b) permits conditional dependence within identified subsets of items;
and (c) provides more parsimonious factor solutions than an unrestricted full-information item factor analysis in some cases.
Supported by the Cognitive Science Program, Office of Naval Research, Under grant #N00014-89-J-1104. We would like to thank
Darrell Bock for several helpful suggestions. 相似文献
187.
A Bayesian approach to nonlinear latent variable models using the Gibbs sampler and the metropolis-hastings algorithm 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nonlinear latent variable models are specified that include quadratic forms and interactions of latent regressor variables as special cases. To estimate the parameters, the models are put in a Bayesian framework with conjugate priors for the parameters. The posterior distributions of the parameters and the latent variables are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods such as the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The proposed estimation methods are illustrated by two simulation studies and by the estimation of a non-linear model for the dependence of performance on task complexity and goal specificity using empirical data. 相似文献
188.
Yuchung J. Wang 《Psychometrika》1997,62(2):267-284
Ak-dimensional multivariate normal distribution is made discrete by partitioning thek-dimensional Euclidean space with rectangular grids. The collection of probability integrals over the partitioned cubes is ak-dimensional contingency table with ordered categories. It is shown that loglinear model with main effects plus two-way interactions provides an accurate approximation for thek-dimensional table. The complete multivariate normal integral table is computed via the iterative proportional fitting algorithm from bivariate normal integral tables. This approach imposes no restriction on the correlation matrix. Comparisons with other numerical integration algorithms are reported. The approximation suggests association models for discretized multivariate normal distributions and contingency tables with ordered categories.The contingency-table approach occurred to me while I was collaborating with Paul Holland of the Educational Testing Service in 1985 on bivariate dependence functions. Holland maintains a belief that the continuous can learn from the discrete. This work is a reassertion of his claim.This research was sponsored by the National Science Council, Republic of China. 相似文献
189.
190.
Marginal maximum likelihood estimation of item parameters: Application of an EM algorithm 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Maximum likelihood estimation of item parameters in the marginal distribution, integrating over the distribution of ability, becomes practical when computing procedures based on an EM algorithm are used. By characterizing the ability distribution empirically, arbitrary assumptions about its form are avoided. The Em procedure is shown to apply to general item-response models lacking simple sufficient statistics for ability. This includes models with more than one latent dimension.Supported in part by NSF grant BNS 7912417 to the University of Chicago and by SSRC (UK) grant HR6132 to the University of Lancaster.We are indebted to Mark Reiser and Robert Gibbons for computer programming. David Thissen clarified a number of points in an earlier draft. 相似文献