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61.
Older adults often perform poorly on Theory of Mind (ToM) tests that require understanding of others’ beliefs and intentions. The course and specificity of age changes in belief reasoning across the adult lifespan is unclear, as is the cause of the age effects. Cognitive and neuropsychological models predict that two types of processing might influence age differences in belief reasoning: executive functioning and social cue detection. In the current study we assessed 129 adults aged between 18 and 86 on novel measures of ToM (video clips and verbal vignettes), which manipulated whether true or false belief reasoning was required. On both video and verbal tasks, older adults (aged 65–88) had specific impairments in false belief reasoning, but showed no such problem in performing true belief tasks. Middle-aged adults (aged 40–64) generally performed as well as the younger adults (aged 18–39). Difficulties in updating information in working memory (but not inhibitory problems) partially mediated the age differences in false belief reasoning. Also, the ability to decode biological motion, indexing social cue detection, partially mediated age-related variance in the ability to interpret false beliefs. These results indicate that age differences in decoding social cues and updating information in memory may be important influences on the specific problems encountered when reasoning about false beliefs in old age. 相似文献
62.
Positron emission tomography studies during speech have indicated a failure to show the normal activation of auditory cortical areas in stuttering individuals. In the present study, P300 event-related potentials were used to investigate possible effects of behavioral treatment on the pattern of signal amplitude and latency between waves. In order to compare variations in P300 measurements, a control group paired by age and gender to the group of stutterers, was included in the study. Findings suggest that the group of stutterers presented a significant decrease in stuttering severity after the fluency treatment program. Regarding P300 measurements, stutterers and their controls presented results within normal limits in all testing situations and no significant statistical variations between pre and post treatment testing. When comparing individual results between the testing situations, stutterers presented a higher average decrease in wave latency for the right ear following treatment. The results are discussed in light of previous P300 event-related potentials and functional imaging studies with stuttering adults.Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to describe the: (1) use of P300 event-related potentials in the study of stuttering; (2) differences between stuttering and non-stuttering adults; and (3) effects of behavioral fluency treatment on cerebral activity in stuttering speakers. 相似文献
63.
Anu-Katriina Pesonen Katri Räikkönen Eero KajantieKati Heinonen Markus HenrikssonJukka Leskinen Clive OsmondTom Forsén David J.P. BarkerJohan G. Eriksson 《Intelligence》2011,39(5):335
We examined the effects of early life stress (ELS) on intellectual ability in 2,725 20-year-old male participants, of whom 321 were separated temporarily (mean 1.7 years) from both their parents during World War II, at an average age of 4.3 years. Intellectual ability was tested when entering compulsory military service. The separated men had − 0.28 (95% CI − 0.39, − 0.16), − 0.13 (95% CI − 0.25, − 0.01), − 0.18 (95% CI − 0.29, − 0.06), and − 0.19 (95% CI − 0.30, − 0.07) SD units lower verbal, visuospatial, arithmetic, and composite score of intellectual ability, respectively, compared to non-separated. Participants who were separated for more than a year and between two and four years had the lowest ability scores. ELS showed most consistent associations with verbal ability, but were not limited to it. Children beyond infancy and before their school-age may be the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of the ELS. 相似文献
64.
Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ Wong LM McLennan Y Srivastava S Tassone F Harvey D Rivera SM Simon TJ 《Brain and cognition》2011,75(3):255-260
The high frequency of the fragile X premutation in the general population and its emerging neurocognitive implications highlight the need to investigate the effects of the premutation on lifespan cognitive development. Until recently, cognitive function in fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) was presumed to be unaffected by the mutation. Here we show that young adult female fXPCs show subtle, yet significant, age- and FMR1 gene mutation-modulated cognitive impairments as tested by a quantitative magnitude comparison task. Our results begin to define the neurocognitive endophenotype associated with the premutation in adults, who are at risk for developing a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the fragile X premutation. Results from the present study may potentially be applied toward the design of early interventions wherein we might be able to target premutation carriers most at risk for degeneration for preventive treatment. 相似文献
65.
Individuals high in attachment avoidance claim to be indifferent to the opinions of others. Carvallo and Gabriel (2006) showed that dismissive avoidants who received positive social feedback reported higher levels of positive affect and state self-esteem than dismissives in control conditions. Their data suggest that avoidant individuals are sensitive to acceptance cues, despite avoidants' claims to the contrary. However, the affect and self-esteem effects could represent feelings of hubristic pride (and thus superiority) rather than connection (and thus belongingness). In the current study, participants were randomly assigned to interact with either a highly positive or mildly negative research confederate. Low avoidant individuals felt more connected with the positive than negative confederate, but this effect of experimental condition was even stronger for those high in avoidance. These findings affirm that avoidantly attached invidividuals' feelings of belonging are sensitive to the positivity of social conditions, supporting the universality of the need to belong. 相似文献
66.
67.
Are individual differences in adult attachment styles (secure, anxious-ambivalent, or avoidant) associated with differential adherence to relationship-specific irrational beliefs? Does endorsement of irrational relationship beliefs relate to actual relationship dissatisfaction? These questions were explored with a sample of 118 male and female college students. Results indicated that insecure individuals (anxious-ambivalent or avoidant) endorsed significantly more relationship-specific irrational beliefs than those with a secure adult attachment style. Gendered patterns of endorsement of specific irrational beliefs cluster were also observed. Further, both an insecure adult attachment style and stronger adherence to relationship-specific irrational beliefs were related to diminished relationship satisfaction. 相似文献
68.
Jan Sinnott 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(3):129-130
This Introduction summarizes the rationale for three Special Issues in the Journal of Adult Development. The first, the present
Special Issue, is on the themes of complex thought and the construction of identity. Summaries of the six empirical and theoretical
articles in this first Special Issue appear below. The argument is made that work in this area adds to our knowledge about
the complex network of factors present in and intersecting with adult development. 相似文献
69.
Reliability and Validity of the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire: Assessing Adults’ Cognitive Development 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Kelly B. Cartwright M. Paz Galupo Seth D. Tyree Jennifer Gavin Jennings 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(3):183-189
Three studies investigated the psychometric properties of the complex postformal thought (PFT) questionnaire (Sinnott, unpublished
scale, 1998; Sinnott and Johnson 1997), which is a measure of adult cognitive development. The scale was found to be moderately reliable (α = .63). To assess construct
validity, a comparison of participants’ performance on the PFT scale to their performance on the Need for Cognition scale
was conducted, which indicated the PFT scale is valid measure of complex thought. Factor analysis reduced the scale to three
factors, which correspond to important components of PFT: Multiple Elements, Subjective Choice, and Underlying Complexities.
Implications for understanding the nature of adult cognitive development and the usefulness of this new measure for research
in this area are discussed. 相似文献
70.
Jan D. Sinnott 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(3):155-165
Awareness of our own aging and eventual death demands a re-construction of our sense of self. This article offers a theoretical
exploration of the process by which this adaptive re-construction might take place to avoid a potential developmental crisis.
The discussion utilizes ideas from study on existential psychology, ambiguous loss, complex thought, and wisdom and spiritual
traditions.
The author is grateful to reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions. 相似文献