累积家庭风险与贫困儿童情绪问题的关系:有调节的中介模型

对468名贫困家庭儿童（平均年龄=13.76±2.88岁）进行问卷调查,探究累积家庭风险与贫困儿童情绪问题的关系以及学校联结的中介效应与自尊的调节效应。结果发现：（1）累积家庭风险能正向预测贫困儿童情绪问题;（2）学校联结在累积家庭风险和情绪问题之间起中介作用,即累积家庭风险可影响贫困儿童的学校联结,进而导致儿童情绪问题;（3）自尊在中介的前半路径“累积家庭风险→学校联结”路径上起调节作用。具体而言,自尊可以缓冲低累积家庭风险对学校联结的影响,但随着累积家庭风险水平的增高,自尊的缓冲作用也在逐渐减弱和丧失,符合“杯水车薪”调节模式。研究结果提示,累积家庭风险和学校联结均是贫困儿童情绪问题的重要预测因素。与此同时,对贫困儿童高自尊的保护作用可能不宜过分乐观。     

累积生态风险与初中生受欺凌的关系模式：心理弹性的调节效应

采用整群抽样法对重庆等7省市24所中学3879名初一、初二和初三年级学生进行问卷调查,以考察累积生态风险与初中生受欺凌的关系模式,并探讨心理弹性在其中的作用。结果表明:(1)累积生态风险显著正向预测初中生受欺凌水平,呈现“负加速模式”,即随着累积生态风险的增加,新增风险因素对受欺凌的影响越来越小;(2)心理弹性对受欺凌的保护作用随着累积生态风险的增加而削弱,呈现“保护-反应”的调节子模型。研究结果为开展针对性地干预受欺凌提供了实证依据。     

The influence of fatalistic beliefs and risk perceptions on road safety attitudes in Latin America; A two-country study

Road safety is a major challenge in the Latin American region; however, there is a significant lack of research undertaken there. To contribute to addressing this gap, this paper reports on an exploration of the antecedents of traffic safety attitudes in two Latin American contexts: Brazil and Ecuador. Building on related work undertaken in other countries, the research explored the relationships between fatalistic beliefs, traffic risk perceptions, and road safety attitudes, while accounting for age, gender, and exposure to the road environment. Data from 2432 individuals, analysed using Structural Equation Modelling, revealed differences in the extent to which different fatalistic belief constructs (including divine control, luck, helplessness, internality, and general fatalism) were related to road safety attitudes. Moreover, fatalistic beliefs were found to influence road safety attitudes both directly and indirectly through their influence on risk perceptions. Those that reported more fatalistic beliefs also reported more dangerous attitudes to road safety and a lower perception of on-road risk. Mirroring findings from work undertaken in other countries, we found males compared to females and younger compared to older respondents to report more dangerous attitudes to road safety, with inconclusive results for risk perceptions. We also found very similar patterns of results in the data from the two countries included in the research. Results are discussed with regards to informing the design of road safety interventions aimed at influencing individual road user attitudes and, ultimately, human behaviour and system performance.     

What is the motor vehicle crash risk for drivers with a sleep disorder?

In many parts of the world, drivers with serious sleep disorders have restrictions on their licence – with the fitness-to-drive criteria varying across licensing jurisdictions. This study aimed to systematically review the literature that evaluated the available scientific evidence for the relationship between sleep disorders and two driving safety outcome measures: (i) motor vehicle crashes (MVC) and (ii) on-road driving test outcome. This review was registered with PROSPERO in July 2019 (see CRD42019144643). A systematic search of public health, psychology and transport databases was conducted on November 8th, 2019. The quality of evidence for each study was rated using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Quality Assessment tools. Thirty-nine studies published between 1976 and 2015 met the inclusion criteria (n = 9 case-control; n = 24 cohort/cross-sectional; n = 6 before-after). Overall, the quality of evidence for 22 studies was rated as ‘good’, nine as ‘fair’ and eight as ‘poor’. Included studies addressed: sleep apnoea and sleep-related breathing disorders (n = 35); central disorders of hypersomnolence and narcolepsy (n = 5), and insomnia (n = 2), with some studies covering multiple sleep disorders. Of the thirty-five studies specifically investigating MVC risk associated with sleep apnoea, eighteen studies reported an increased risk (n = 11 ‘good’, n = 4 ‘fair’, n = 3 ‘poor’ quality), seven reported no difference in risk (n = 3 ‘good’, n = 4 ‘fair’ quality), and two provided inconclusive findings (n = 1 ‘good’, n = 1 ‘fair’ quality). Most studies suggested that increased sleep apnoea severity was associated with an increased MVC risk. Furthermore, untreated sleep apnoea was predominantly associated with increased risk, whilst decreased risk was associated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) treatments. Five studies (n = 3 ‘good’, n = 2 ‘fair’ quality) investigated MVC risk associated with disorders of hypersomnolence and narcolepsy, and all reported increased risk. Only two studies investigated MVC risk associated with insomnia, with inconsistent findings: one reporting increased MVC risk (‘good’) and one reporting no difference (‘fair’). Regarding impacts on on-road driving test outcome, our comprehensive search found no studies investigating the association between sleep disorders and this driving safety outcome measure. Notwithstanding the limitations of the included studies, the weight of evidence suggests a moderately elevated MVC risk for drivers with sleep disorders (sleep apnoea; hypersomnia and narcolepsy), with the majority reporting around two and a half times higher risk, and lower risk with treatment. This evidence is consistent with current fitness-to-drive guidelines, most of which specify licence restrictions conditional upon severity, treatment compliance and effective response to treatment. The generalisability of the findings is limited as many identified studies had methodological limitations, were conducted across a wide time period, in numerous licensing jurisdictions with different requirements, and across a diverse range of participant populations. A large-scale, population-based controlled study, in multiple licensing jurisdictions with equivalent licensing and fitness-to-drive requirements, is warranted to rigorously investigate MVC risk and sleep disorders, including evaluating the possible benefit of therapies.     

The need for speed: Scores on a new video-based measure of speeding propensity,suitable for use in online research,correlate with drivers’ on-road speeding behaviour

A video-based measure of drivers’ speeding propensity (the UQ Video Speed Test) was developed for use in both laboratory-based and online research studies. In the test, the respondent is presented with a series of 16 video clips of traffic footage, which were shot from the driver’s perspective using a camera mounted behind the windscreen of a moving car. For each clip, the respondent’s task is to indicate to what extent they would travel faster or slower than the speed of the camera car. Responses to all clips are averaged to determine the respondent’s overall score. In the present study, we investigated associations between drivers’ video speed test scores and five measures of real everyday speeding behaviour obtained over a 5-week period using GPS trackers. There was a significant positive correlation for each of the five on-road speeding measures. In addition, age-related differences in test scores were consistent with observed real-world group differences in speeding behaviour. Test scores also correlated with an established self-report questionnaire measure of speeding (i.e., the Speed Scale from the Driving Style Questionnaire). Overall, the data supported the use of the UQ Video Speed Test as a proxy measure of drivers’ real-world speeding behaviour in laboratory-based and online studies (though it would be inadvisable to use such tests in the assessment of drivers for licensing purposes, due to the potential to “fake good”). The test can be deployed using standard online survey platforms (e.g., Qualtrics), and is available at no cost for use in driving research.     

压力下一搏：压力如何影响个体风险寻求

压力促使个体风险寻求已得到许多研究的验证和支持, 但对于该现象背后的根本机制缺乏深入探讨和整合。模型指出, 压力诱发认知资源损耗和心理需要失衡, 导致个体执行控制功能减弱, 奖赏寻求增加, 这两者引起对风险选项价值的高估、风险感知的降低和启发式决策策略的使用, 最终导致风险寻求。期望效用论、预期理论、双系统理论和风险敏感理论的视角能各有侧重地解析模型中的路径。最后, 基于模型梳理了边界条件, 并提出未来可关注压力下执行功能、认知和情绪的交互以及慢性压力的影响和调控。     

高感觉寻求者对危险意义声音的自动加工优势：N1、P2和MMN的证据

Zuckerman关于感觉寻求特质的唤醒理论认为,高感觉寻求者为提高其大脑唤醒,会不惜以冒险方式来寻求高强度、变化、新异和复杂的刺激经验。既往研究已经证实了高感觉寻求者对高强度的、变化的和新奇的刺激材料的认知加工偏向,但尚缺乏来自复杂的和具有危险意义刺激材料的研究证据。我们运用反转Oddball实验范式,以听觉N1、P2和MMN（Mismatch negativity）为ERPs指标,系统比较了高、低感觉寻求者对危险意义声音的自动唤醒、注意偏向和特征探测这三个方面的认知加工差异。结果发现,高感觉寻求者的N1、P2和MMN波幅均显著大于低感觉寻求者。结果表明,高感觉寻求者对危险意义声音产生了更高的唤醒水平、注意偏向和特征探测自动加工优势,这些优势可能是其偏于冒险行为的认知神经机制。     

What Makes an Idea Risky? The Relations between Perceptions of Idea Novelty,Usefulness, and Risk

Individuals and organizations frequently tout creative ideas as a desirable goal, and yet, creative ideas are frequently rejected. Creativity researchers have often suggested that creative ideas are rejected because they are perceived as riskier due to their inherent novelty or originality. Although this assumption is prevalent, we are unaware of any empirical research directly examining the relations between perceptions of novelty and risk. We provide an empirical test of this assumption in two studies in which participants rate the novelty, usefulness, and riskiness of ideas. Across both studies, we find consistent support for the idea that usefulness, rather than novelty, has the strongest relation with risk perceptions. We also find some evidence that novelty and usefulness interact to predict perceptions of risk. Additionally, in Study 2, we find that usefulness has the strongest relation with willingness to invest and buy a product. The findings of this study suggest that the bias against creativity may be driven by the perceived usefulness of an idea, rather than its novelty, such that ideas with lower usefulness are perceived to be riskier.     

The implications of maternal grandmother coresidence and involvement for adolescent adjustment in South Africa

Maternal grandmothers residing in 3‐generation households often provide care and support to their grandchildren. However, the implications of grandmother coresidence and involvement for adolescent adjustment have been neglected in the South African literature. This study examined whether the involvement of maternal grandmothers who coreside with grandchildren and their parents differed from that of non‐coresident grandmothers. In addition, we assessed the associations between maternal grandmother coresidence and involvement, and adolescents' internalising problems, externalising problems and prosocial behaviour. Self‐report survey data were obtained from a sample of 384 “coloured” (mixed‐race) and black African Grade 8 and Grade 9 students in Cape Town. The mean age of the participants was 13.96 years, 58% were females and 27% lived in 3‐generation households. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the involvement of coresident and non‐coresident grandmothers, and that adolescents in 3‐generation and 2‐generation households displayed similar levels of adjustment. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that greater maternal grandmother involvement was associated with more adolescent prosocial behaviour (p < .001) regardless of household structure, and with fewer adolescent internalising problems in 3‐generation households (p = .03). Findings underscore the need to move beyond the immediate family to consider how grandparents may influence adolescent development.