心理距离对后悔的影响*

基于解释水平理论,考察了心理距离的不同维度对后悔程度的影响。本研究从心理距离的四个维度展开,时间距离采用组内设计,空间距离、社会距离和概率维度采用单因素完全随机设计,312名被试随机分配至各个维度参与实验处理,检验不同心理距离是否调节着后悔程度,其中有效数据275份。结果表明:在时间距离、空间距离、社会距离、概率和假设性条件下,均出现决策时心理距离越近,对决策事件或客体的解释水平越低,随后在获得负性结果反馈时体验到的后悔就越强烈。由此可见,决策事件的心理距离越近,后悔程度越大。     

A Longitudinal Analysis of Psychiatric Severity upon Outcomes Among Substance Abusers Residing in Self-Help Settings

A longitudinal analysis of psychiatric severity was conducted with a national sample of recovering substance abusers living in Oxford Houses, which are self-run, self-help settings. Outcomes related to residents' psychiatric severity were examined at three follow-up intervals over one year. Over time, Oxford House residents with high versus low baseline psychiatric severity reported significantly more days using psychiatric medication, decreased outpatient psychiatric treatment, yet no significant differences for number of days abstinent and time living in an Oxford House. These findings suggest that a high level of psychiatric severity is not an impediment to residing in self-run, self-help settings such as Oxford House among persons with psychiatric comorbid substance use disorders.     

Acquired flavour preferences: contextual control of adaptation-level effects

This experiment investigated the role of context in the expression of conditioned flavour preferences. Rats were trained on a mixture of almond and sucrose and were then given intermixed exposures to almond in one context (Context A) and to sucrose in a second context (Context S). Finally, choice tests were given in both contexts, with one group given almond-versus-water tests and the other almond + sucrose-versus-sucrose tests. Preference for almond over water was greater in Context A than in Context S. Conversely, preference for almond + sucrose over sucrose was greater in Context S than in Context A. These results suggest that the perceived sweetness of a flavour depends on the context in which it is presented and confirm that expression of a flavour preference depends on the type of test employed.     

Representation over time: the effects of temporal distance on similarity

Similarity is central in human cognition, playing a role in a wide range of cognitive processes. In three studies, we demonstrate that subjective similarity may change as a function of temporal distance, with some events seeming more similar when considered in the near future, while others increase in similarity as temporal distance increases. Given the ubiquity of inter-temporal thought, and the fundamental role of similarity, these results have important implications for cognition in general.     

It’s not just what you say but when you say it: Self-presentation and temporal construal

Three experiments demonstrated that the use and effectiveness of self-presentation strategies are affected by time. In Experiment 1, participants used more indirect self-presentation statements for the distant than near future, but used more direct self-presentation statements for the near than distant future. In Experiment 2, participants for whom indirect self-presentation strategies were made accessible rated a future interview as more temporally distant than those for whom direct self-presentation strategies were made accessible. In Experiment 3, participants rated their self-presentation attempts as more effective if they used direct strategies for the near future and indirect strategies for the distant future. Implications for studying the timing of self-presentation and its relation to temporal construal levels are discussed.     

Categories and Facets in Integrative Levels

Facets and general categories used in bibliographic classification have been based on a disciplinary organization of knowledge. However, facets and categories of phenomena independent from disciplines can be identified similarly. Phenomena can be classified according to a series of integrative levels (layers), which in turn can be grouped into the major strata of form, matter, life, mind, society and culture, agreeing with Nicolai Hartmann’s ontology. Unlike a layer, a stratum is not constituted of elements of the lower ones; rather, it represents the formal pattern of the lower ones, like the horse hoof represents the shape of the steppe. Bibliographic categories can now be seen in the light of level theory: some categories are truly general, while others only appear at a given level, being the realization of a general category in the specific context of the level: these are the facets of that level. In the notation of the Integrative Level Classification project, categories and facets are represented by digits, and displayed in a Web interface with the help of colours.     

Children’s notions of the malleability of their academic competencies

This study set out to examine children’s notions of the malleability of their academic competencies and the relations of these notions to the child’s grade-level and gender and the parent’s educational level. In interviews of a total of 103 boys and girls of the third and the sixth grade, children of academically and vocationally educated parents were asked to rate their potential for improving their competencies in mathematics and Finnish. The children were asked to use intrapersonal and normative criteria in their ratings. The ratings were found to form distinct domains of the notions of malleability, as they did not correlate with each other. The children’s ratings of their current competencies, i.e. their academic self-concepts, turned out to be related to their normative ratings of the malleability of their competencies. The findings further suggested that the children’s notions of the malleability of their academic competencies became more pessimistic in the course of their school years.

大学生因特网成瘾障碍的研究

本研究根据目前广泛认可的因特网成瘾障碍(Internet Addiction Disorder,IAD)诊断标准自编问卷,调查了上海市6所高校370名大学生的上网情况。结果表明:(1)自编问卷质量的各指标皆良好,问卷具有较好的稳定性和准确性。(2)上海市大学生IAD的发生率大约为8.1%。(3)男生比女生、理科比文科、大二年级比其它年级的学生陷入网络的程度深。(4)上网者每周的上网时间、使用网络工具的数量、上网动机的数量与使用网络的程度相关。(5)IAD者在网络使用的特点上明显不同于非IAD者(N-IAD者)。     

Antecedents of mentoring support: a meta-analysis of individual,relational, and structural or organizational factors

The value of mentoring is growing substantially as organizations take a renewed interest in employee development to better survive in the dynamic and competitive market today. In the wake of this renewed interest, this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively review the multi-level antecedents (e.g., individual, relational, and structural/organizational) of different kinds of mentoring support (e.g., career, psychosocial, role modeling) in organizational settings and to revisit the theoretical underpinnings of each antecedent. Results indicated some key antecedents of mentoring support at individual (e.g., protégé's proactivity, protégé's learning goal orientation, mentor's transformational leadership), relational (e.g., affect based trust, perceived similarity), and structural/organizational levels (e.g., organizational support for mentoring, supervisory mentoring). Recommendations for future research and organizational practice of mentoring are presented.     

Stigmatisation intériorisée et consommation de substances psychoactives : revue systématique de la littérature

IntroductionSubstance use is a very stigmatized condition all over the world. Moreover, lots of people who use drugs or alcohol tend to internalize these stigmas, which can lead to harmful consequences. Corrigan's progressive model of self-stigma suggest that individuals go through four stages to internalize the stigma (aware, agree, apply, harm) and then undergo a stage of resignation and lack of hope and energy called “why try”. Research seems to be increasingly interested in this phenomenon, so we wonder, where we stand in the comprehension of internalized stigma for substances users?ObjectiveThis work aims to systematically review ten-past years studies about self-stigma in substance addiction in order to assess the status of curr ent works in this area.MethodThis systematic review was led inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements on the electronic databases PubMed, PsycInfo and PsycArticle. The inclusion criteria were: references published between 2010 and 2020, in French or English language which shows results about self-stigma for psychoactives substances users. A total of 39 studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review.ResultsSynthesizing findings across the studies revealed some important topics. First, the progressive model seems to be statistically valid among drug and/or alcohol users. Nevertheless, self-stigma of drugs and/or alcohol is not the only condition that entails users. A varieties of other factors (i.e. HIV, sex work) are to be considered in the understanding of stigmatization. In the studies, negative consequences due to self-stigma in substance use were observed such as depression or anxiety symptoms, lower self-esteem and negatives emotions as fear and shame.ConclusionAll these results are to be considered within their limits. In light of these findings, the knowledge acquired will allow professionals to develop new interventions to prevent and to reduce self-stigma of drug and/or alcohol users.